ES2015(ES6)`class`语法有什么好处?
我对ES6类有很多疑问。
使用class
语法有什么好处?我读到public / private / static将成为ES7的一部分,这是原因吗?
而且,是class
另一种OOP还是JavaScript的原型继承?我可以使用修改它.prototype
吗?还是只是同一对象,而是两种不同的声明方法。
有速度好处吗?如果您拥有大型应用程序(例如大型应用程序),可能更容易维护/理解?
回答:
新的class
语法是,对于现在,大多是语法sugar。(但是,您知道,这是很好的sugar。)ES2015-ES2019中class
没有什么可以构造函数无法做到的,并且Reflect.construct
(包括子类Error
和Array
¹)也无法做到。(有
有可能在ES2021一些东西,你可以做class
,你不能这样做,否则:私人领域,私有方法和静态字段/私有静态方法。)
而且,是
class
另一种OOP还是JavaScript的原型继承?
这与我们一直拥有的原型继承相同,只是如果您喜欢使用构造函数(newFoo
等等),则使用更简洁,更方便的语法。(特别是在源自Array
或的情况下Error
,这是您在ES5和更早版本中无法实现的。您现在可以使用Reflect.construct
[
spec,MDN],但不能使用旧的ES5样式。)
我可以使用修改它
.prototype
吗?
是的,prototype
创建类后,仍然可以在类的构造函数上修改对象。例如,这是完全合法的:
class Foo { constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
test1() {
console.log("test1: name = " + this.name);
}
}
Foo.prototype.test2 = function() {
console.log("test2: name = " + this.name);
};
有速度好处吗?
通过提供这种特定的成语,我想这是可能的发动机也许能做得更好优化。但是他们已经非常擅长优化,我希望不会有太大的区别。
ES2015(ES6)
class
语法有什么好处?
简要地说:如果您一开始不使用构造函数,那么首选Object.create
或类似的构造函数class
对您没有用。
如果确实使用构造函数,则有一些好处class
:
语法更简单,更不易出错。
这是 容易(再次,不易出错)使用新的语法比旧的设置继承层次。
class
保护您免受无法new
与构造函数一起使用的常见错误(如果this
不是有效的构造函数,则使构造函数抛出异常)。使用新语法调用父原型方法的版本比使用旧语法(
super.method()
而不是ParentConstructor.prototype.method.call(this)
orObject.getPrototypeOf(Object.getPrototypeOf(this)).method.call(this)
)要简单得多。
这是层次结构的语法比较:
// ***ES2015+**class Person {
constructor(first, last) {
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
}
personMethod() {
// ...
}
}
class Employee extends Person {
constructor(first, last, position) {
super(first, last);
this.position = position;
}
employeeMethod() {
// ...
}
}
class Manager extends Employee {
constructor(first, last, position, department) {
super(first, last, position);
this.department = department;
}
personMethod() {
const result = super.personMethod();
// ...use `result` for something...
return result;
}
managerMethod() {
// ...
}
}
例:
// ***ES2015+**class Person {
constructor(first, last) {
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
}
personMethod() {
return `Result from personMethod: this.first = ${this.first}, this.last = ${this.last}`;
}
}
class Employee extends Person {
constructor(first, last, position) {
super(first, last);
this.position = position;
}
personMethod() {
const result = super.personMethod();
return result + `, this.position = ${this.position}`;
}
employeeMethod() {
// ...
}
}
class Manager extends Employee {
constructor(first, last, position, department) {
super(first, last, position);
this.department = department;
}
personMethod() {
const result = super.personMethod();
return result + `, this.department = ${this.department}`;
}
managerMethod() {
// ...
}
}
const m = new Manager("Joe", "Bloggs", "Special Projects Manager", "Covert Ops");
console.log(m.personMethod());
与
// **ES5**var Person = function(first, last) {
if (!(this instanceof Person)) {
throw new Error("Person is a constructor function, use new with it");
}
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
};
Person.prototype.personMethod = function() {
// ...
};
var Employee = function(first, last, position) {
if (!(this instanceof Employee)) {
throw new Error("Employee is a constructor function, use new with it");
}
Person.call(this, first, last);
this.position = position;
};
Employee.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype);
Employee.prototype.constructor = Employee;
Employee.prototype.employeeMethod = function() {
// ...
};
var Manager = function(first, last, position, department) {
if (!(this instanceof Manager)) {
throw new Error("Manager is a constructor function, use new with it");
}
Employee.call(this, first, last, position);
this.department = department;
};
Manager.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype);
Manager.prototype.constructor = Manager;
Manager.prototype.personMethod = function() {
var result = Employee.prototype.personMethod.call(this);
// ...use `result` for something...
return result;
};
Manager.prototype.managerMethod = function() {
// ...
};
现场示例:
// **ES5**var Person = function(first, last) {
if (!(this instanceof Person)) {
throw new Error("Person is a constructor function, use new with it");
}
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
};
Person.prototype.personMethod = function() {
return "Result from personMethod: this.first = " + this.first + ", this.last = " + this.last;
};
var Employee = function(first, last, position) {
if (!(this instanceof Employee)) {
throw new Error("Employee is a constructor function, use new with it");
}
Person.call(this, first, last);
this.position = position;
};
Employee.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype);
Employee.prototype.constructor = Employee;
Employee.prototype.personMethod = function() {
var result = Person.prototype.personMethod.call(this);
return result + ", this.position = " + this.position;
};
Employee.prototype.employeeMethod = function() {
// ...
};
var Manager = function(first, last, position, department) {
if (!(this instanceof Manager)) {
throw new Error("Manager is a constructor function, use new with it");
}
Employee.call(this, first, last, position);
this.department = department;
};
Manager.prototype = Object.create(Employee.prototype);
Manager.prototype.constructor = Manager;
Manager.prototype.personMethod = function() {
var result = Employee.prototype.personMethod.call(this);
return result + ", this.department = " + this.department;
};
Manager.prototype.managerMethod = function() {
// ...
};
var m = new Manager("Joe", "Bloggs", "Special Projects Manager", "Covert Ops");
console.log(m.personMethod());
如您所见,那里有很多重复和冗长的内容,很容易出错,而且很无聊(这就是为什么我回想起今天写一个脚本来这样做的原因)的原因。
¹“
ES2015-ES2018中没有什么class
可以做的,而构造函数不能做到,并且Reflect.construct
(包括子类Error
和Array
)”
例:
// Creating an Error subclass:function MyError(...args) {
return Reflect.construct(Error, args, this.constructor);
}
MyError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
MyError.prototype.constructor = MyError;
MyError.prototype.myMethod = function() {
console.log(this.message);
};
// Example use:
function outer() {
function inner() {
const e = new MyError("foo");
console.log("Callng e.myMethod():");
e.myMethod();
console.log(`e instanceof MyError? ${e instanceof MyError}`);
console.log(`e instanceof Error? ${e instanceof Error}`);
throw e;
}
inner();
}
outer();
.as-console-wrapper {
max-height: 100% !important;
}
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