python 创建实例--待完善

  • Z时代
  • 2024-01-10
  • 分类：综合

python

今天好好琢磨一下 python 创建实例的先后顺序

一、 就定义一个普通类 Util (默认)继承自 object,覆写 new ，init 方法

class Util(object):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__new__ ----start---')
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return object.__new__(cls)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print(key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return super(Util,self).__init__()
args =(1,2,3)
kw = dict(name='frank',city='changsha')
util = Util(*args,**kw)
print(util)
输出结果：
-----Util----__new__ ----start---
cls: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: (1, 2, 3)
kw: name <---> frank 
kw: city <---> changsha 
-----Util----__init__ ----start---
self: <__main__.Util object at 0x7f4d54082a90>
args: (1, 2, 3)
name <---> frank 
city <---> changsha 
<class '__main__.Util'>

由上面可以知道 new 优先于 init 执行，如果 __new__ 中没有 return 语句，则不会执行object 的 new 方法，而 init 在 object 中是在 new 中调用的，所以，此刻如下图， Util 中的 init 并不会被调用,只是调用了 Util 类的 new 方法，打印type(util) 得到的是 类类型 --》 NoneType ! 因为 构造方法init 没有被调用，也能理解还没有变为对象啊！！！

class Util(object):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__new__ ----start---')
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
#         return object.__new__(cls)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print(key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return super(Util,self).__init__()
args =(1,2,3)
kw = dict(name='frank',city='changsha')
util = Util(*args,**kw)
print(type(util)) 
结果：
-----Util----__new__ ----start---
cls: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: (1, 2, 3)
kw: name <---> frank 
kw: city <---> changsha 
<class 'NoneType'>

接下来，我们给Util 添加元类，由下图可以看出元类优先于Util 所有方法执行

class UtilMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(meta_cls,cls,bases,attr_dict):
        print('------UtilMetaclass---__new__ ---start----')
        print('meta_cls: {}'.format(meta_cls))
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('bases:{}'.format(bases))
        print('attr_dict: {}\n'.format(attr_dict))
        return type.__new__(meta_cls,cls,bases,attr_dict)
#     def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
#         print('-----UtilMetaclass----__init__ ----start---')
#         print('self: {}'.format(self))
#         print('args: {}\n'.format(args))
#         {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
#         return super(UtilMetaclass,self).__init__(*args,**kw)
class Util(object,metaclass=UtilMetaclass):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__new__ ----start---')
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return object.__new__(cls)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print(key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return super(Util,self).__init__()
args =(1,2,3)
kw = dict(name='frank',city='changsha')
util = Util(*args,**kw)
print(type(util)) 
输出结果：
------UtilMetaclass---__new__ ---start----
meta_cls: <class '__main__.UtilMetaclass'>
cls: Util
bases:(<class 'object'>,)
attr_dict: {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Util', '__init__': <function Util.__init__ at 0x7f4d540e99d8>, '__new__': <function Util.__new__ at 0x7f4d540e9ea0>}
-----Util----__new__ ----start---
cls: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: (1, 2, 3)
kw: name <---> frank 
kw: city <---> changsha 
-----Util----__init__ ----start---
self: <__main__.Util object at 0x7f4d5409cb70>
args: (1, 2, 3)
name <---> frank 
city <---> changsha 
<class '__main__.Util'>

最后我们来看看给 元类 覆写掉其父类 type 的构造方法，却注释掉return super 语句

class UtilMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(meta_cls,cls,bases,attr_dict):
        print('------UtilMetaclass---__new__ ---start----')
        print('meta_cls: {}'.format(meta_cls))
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('bases:{}'.format(bases))
        print('attr_dict: {}\n'.format(attr_dict))
        return type.__new__(meta_cls,cls,bases,attr_dict)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----UtilMetaclass----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}\n'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        #return super(UtilMetaclass,self).__init__(*args,**kw)
class Util(object,metaclass=UtilMetaclass):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__new__ ----start---')
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return object.__new__(cls)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print(key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return super(Util,self).__init__()
args =(1,2,3)
kw = dict(name='frank',city='changsha')
util = Util(*args,**kw)
print(type(util)) 
输出结果：
------UtilMetaclass---__new__ ---start----
meta_cls: <class '__main__.UtilMetaclass'>
cls: Util
bases:(<class 'object'>,)
attr_dict: {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Util', '__init__': <function Util.__init__ at 0x7f4d542b2ea0>, '__new__': <function Util.__new__ at 0x7f4d542b2488>}
-----UtilMetaclass----__init__ ----start---
self: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: ('Util', (<class 'object'>,), {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Util', '__init__': <function Util.__init__ at 0x7f4d542b2ea0>, '__new__': <function Util.__new__ at 0x7f4d542b2488>})
-----Util----__new__ ----start---
cls: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: (1, 2, 3)
kw: name <---> frank 
kw: city <---> changsha 
-----Util----__init__ ----start---
self: <__main__.Util object at 0x7f4d540f4a20>
args: (1, 2, 3)
name <---> frank 
city <---> changsha 
<class '__main__.Util'>

添加上这个 return 语句 其实发现也没什么变化，这就从侧面说明了 new 会调用 init ，而 init 会到继承链(我取的名字)上去找。。。添加上 return 不过是再次调用了 type 的 构造方法罢了,其实没有必要，一般 init 方法中是不需要返回值的这点跟java一样。。。

class UtilMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(meta_cls,cls,bases,attr_dict):
        print('------UtilMetaclass---__new__ ---start----')
        print('meta_cls: {}'.format(meta_cls))
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('bases:{}'.format(bases))
        print('attr_dict: {}\n'.format(attr_dict))
        return type.__new__(meta_cls,cls,bases,attr_dict)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----UtilMetaclass----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}\n'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return super(UtilMetaclass,self).__init__(*args,**kw)
class Util(object,metaclass=UtilMetaclass):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__new__ ----start---')
        print('cls: {}'.format(cls))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print('kw:',key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return object.__new__(cls)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('-----Util----__init__ ----start---')
        print('self: {}'.format(self))
        print('args: {}'.format(args))
        {print(key,'<--->',value,'\n') for key,value in kw.items()}
        return super(Util,self).__init__()
args =(1,2,3)
kw = dict(name='frank',city='changsha')
util = Util(*args,**kw)
print(type(util)) 
输出结果：
------UtilMetaclass---__new__ ---start----
meta_cls: <class '__main__.UtilMetaclass'>
cls: Util
bases:(<class 'object'>,)
attr_dict: {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Util', '__init__': <function Util.__init__ at 0x7f4d542b2d90>, '__new__': <function Util.__new__ at 0x7f4d542b29d8>}
-----UtilMetaclass----__init__ ----start---
self: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: ('Util', (<class 'object'>,), {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Util', '__init__': <function Util.__init__ at 0x7f4d542b2d90>, '__new__': <function Util.__new__ at 0x7f4d542b29d8>})
-----Util----__new__ ----start---
cls: <class '__main__.Util'>
args: (1, 2, 3)
kw: name <---> frank 
kw: city <---> changsha 
-----Util----__init__ ----start---
self: <__main__.Util object at 0x7f4d540f4518>
args: (1, 2, 3)
name <---> frank 
city <---> changsha 
<class '__main__.Util'>

class SingletonMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('new in SingletonMetaclass start...')
        return super(SingletonMetaclass,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**kw)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('init in SingletonMetaclass start...')
    def __call__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('call in SingletonMetaclass start...')
        if not hasattr(cls,'obj'):
            cls.obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args,**kw)
            cls.__init__(cls.obj,*args,**kw)
        return cls.obj
class Singleton(object,metaclass=SingletonMetaclass):
    def __new__(cls,*args,**kw):
        print('new in Singleton start...')
        return super(Singleton,cls).__new__(cls,*args,**kw)
    def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('init in Singleton start...')
    def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
        print('call in Singleton start...')
Singleton
s1 = Singleton()
s2 = Singleton()
s1 == s2

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