如何在python中乘法函数?
def sub3(n): return n - 3
def square(n):
return n * n
在python中编写函数非常简单:
>>> my_list[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> [square(sub3(n)) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
不幸的是,当想要使用组合作为 键时 ,这有点of脚:
>>> sorted(my_list, key=lambda n: square(sub3(n)))[3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9]
这实际上应该只是sorted(my_list, key=square*sub3)
,因为该函数__mul__
无论如何都不会用于其他任何事情:
>>> square * sub3TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'function' and 'function'
好吧,那就定义它吧!
>>> type(sub3).__mul__ = 'something'TypeError: can't set attributes of built-in/extension type 'function'
天哪!
>>> class CoolerFunction(types.FunctionType):... pass
...
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
type 'function' is not an acceptable base type
天哪!
class Hack(object): def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.function(*args, **kwargs)
def __mul__(self, other):
def hack(*args, **kwargs):
return self.function(other(*args, **kwargs))
return Hack(hack)
嘿,现在我们到了某个地方。
>>> square = Hack(square)>>> sub3 = Hack(sub3)
>>> [square(sub3(n)) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
>>> [(square*sub3)(n) for n in my_list]
[9, 4, 1, 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36]
>>> sorted(my_list, key=square*sub3)
[3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 6, 7, 8, 9]
但是我不想Hack
上课!在我不完全了解的范围内,作用域规则完全不同,这甚至比“ lameda”还要丑。我想对这些 功能
进行修补。我怎样才能做到这一点?
回答:
尽管您可能希望为该类选择一个更合适的名称,但是您可以将hack类几乎用作编写器的装饰器。
像这样:
class Composable(object): def __init__(self, function):
self.function = function
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.function(*args, **kwargs)
def __mul__(self, other):
@Composable
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
return self.function(other(*args, **kwargs))
return composed
def __rmul__(self, other):
@Composable
def composed(*args, **kwargs):
return other(self.function(*args, **kwargs))
return composed
然后,您可以像这样装饰功能:
@Composabledef sub3(n):
return n - 3
@Composable
def square(n):
return n * n
然后像这样组成它们:
(square * sub3)(n)
基本上,这是使用hack类完成的事情,只是将其用作装饰器。
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