负载均衡的基本知识以及使用nginx进行负载均衡的简单例子

nginx一般可以用于七层的负载均衡,这篇文章将介绍一些负载均衡的基本知识以及使用nginx进行负载均衡的简单的例子。

四层负载均衡 vs 七层负载均衡

经常会说七层负载均衡还是四层负载均衡,其实根据ISO的OSI网络模型的所在层的叫法而决定的,nginx因为在使用http协议在应用层进行负载均衡的操作,所以被称为七层负载均衡。而诸如LVS在TCP层进行负载均衡操作的则被称为四层负载均衡。一般来说,有如下层的负载均衡分类:

常见软件的支持

常见的负载均衡算法

负载均衡常见有如下几种算法:

负载均衡演示实例:普通轮询

接下来使用nginx来演示一下如何进行普通轮询:

事前准备

事前在7001/7002两个端口分别启动两个服务,用于显示不同信息,为了演示方便,使用tornado做了一个镜像,通过docker容器启动时传递的参数不同用于显示服务的不同。

[root@kong ~]# docker run -d -p 7001:8080 liumiaocn/tornado:latest python /usr/local/bin/daemon.py "User Service 1: 7001"

ddba0abd24524d270a782c3fab907f6a35c0ce514eec3159357bded09022ee57

[root@kong ~]# docker run -d -p 7002:8080 liumiaocn/tornado:latest python /usr/local/bin/daemon.py "User Service 1: 7002"

95deadd795e19f675891bfcd44e5ea622c95615a95655d1fd346351eca707951

[root@kong ~]#

[root@kong ~]# curl http://192.168.163.117:7001

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7001

[root@kong ~]#

[root@kong ~]# curl http://192.168.163.117:7002

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7002

[root@kong ~]#

启动nginx

[root@kong ~]# docker run -p 9080:80 --name nginx-lb -d nginx

9d53c7e9a45ef93e7848eb3f4e51c2652a49681e83bda6337c89a3cf2f379c74

[root@kong ~]# docker ps |grep nginx-lb

9d53c7e9a45e nginx "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 11 seconds ago Up 10 seconds 0.0.0.0:9080->80/tcp nginx-lb

[root@kong ~]#

nginx代码段

准备如下nginx代码段将其添加到nginx的/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf中

http {

upstream nginx_lb {

server 192.168.163.117:7001;

server 192.168.163.117:7002;

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.liumiao.cn 192.168.163.117;

location / {

proxy_pass http://nginx_lb;

}

}

修改default.conf的方法

可以通过在容器中安装vim达到效果,也可以在本地修改然后通过docker cp传入,或者直接sed修改都可。如果在容器中安装vim,使用如下方式即可

[root@kong ~]# docker exec -it nginx-lb sh

# apt-get update

...省略

# apt-get install vim

...省略

修改前

# cat default.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name localhost;

#charset koi8-r;

#access_log /var/log/nginx/host.access.log main;

location / {

root /usr/share/nginx/html;

index index.html index.htm;

}

#error_page 404 /404.html;

# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html

#

error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;

location = /50x.html {

root /usr/share/nginx/html;

}

# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80

#

#location ~ \.php$ {

# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;

#}

# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000

#

#location ~ \.php$ {

# root html;

# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

# fastcgi_index index.php;

# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;

# include fastcgi_params;

#}

# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root

# concurs with nginx's one

#

#location ~ /\.ht {

# deny all;

#}

}

#

修改后

# cat default.conf

upstream nginx_lb {

server 192.168.163.117:7001;

server 192.168.163.117:7002;

}

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.liumiao.cn 192.168.163.117;

#charset koi8-r;

#access_log /var/log/nginx/host.access.log main;

location / {

#root /usr/share/nginx/html;

#index index.html index.htm;

proxy_pass http://nginx_lb;

}

#error_page 404 /404.html;

# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html

#

error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;

location = /50x.html {

root /usr/share/nginx/html;

}

# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80

#

#location ~ \.php$ {

# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;

#}

# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000

#

#location ~ \.php$ {

# root html;

# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

# fastcgi_index index.php;

# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;

# include fastcgi_params;

#}

# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root

# concurs with nginx's one

#

#location ~ /\.ht {

# deny all;

#}

}

#

重启nginx容器

[root@kong ~]# docker restart nginx-lb

nginx-lb

[root@kong ~]#

确认结果

可以清晰地看到按照顺序,进行轮询:

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7001

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7002

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7001

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7002

[root@kong ~]#

负载均衡演示实例:权重轮询

而在此基础上,进行权重轮询只需要加上weight即可

修改default.conf

按照如下修改default.conf

# cp default.conf default.conf.org

# vi default.conf

# diff default.conf default.conf.org

2,3c2,3

< server 192.168.163.117:7001 weight=100;

< server 192.168.163.117:7002 weight=200;

---

> server 192.168.163.117:7001;

> server 192.168.163.117:7002;

#

重启nginx容器

[root@kong ~]# docker restart nginx-lb

nginx-lb

[root@kong ~]#

确认结果

可以看到轮询结果按照1/3和2/3的比重在进行了:

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7001

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7002

[root@kong ~]# curl http://localhost:9080

Hello, Service :User Service 1: 7002

[root@kong ~]#

总结

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