MySQL_表操作

database

引擎介绍

mysql中的存储引擎(https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/9682063.html)

表介绍

表就相当于文件,表中的一条记录就相当于文件的一行内容,不同的是,表中的一条记录有对应的标题,称为表的字段

还记得我们之前写过的‘员工信息表作业’么?存储这员工信息的文件是这样的:

id,name,age,sex,phone,job

1,Alex,83,female,13651054608,IT

2,Egon,26,male,13304320533,Tearcher

3,nezha,25,male,13332353222,IT

4,boss_jin,40,male,13332353333,IT

如果把上面这个文件改成一张表,应该是下面这个样子

id  

name  

age  

sex  

phone  

job  

1

Alex

83

female

13651054608

IT

2

Egon

26

male

13304320533

Teacher

3

nezha

25

male

13332353222

IT

4

boss_jin

40

male

13332353333

IT

id,name,age,sex,phone,job称为字段,其余的,一行内容称为一条记录 

创建表

#语法:

createtable 表名(

字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],

字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件],

字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件]

);

#注意:

1. 在同一张表中,字段名是不能相同

2. 宽度和约束条件可选

3. 字段名和类型是必须的

mysql>createdatabase staff;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>use staff;

Database changed

mysql>createtable staff_info (id int,name varchar(50),age int(3),sex enum("male","female"),phone bigint(11),job varchar(11));

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show tables;

+-----------------+

| Tables_in_staff |

+-----------------+

| staff_info |

+-----------------+

1 row inset (0.00 sec)

mysql>desc staff_info;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

mysql>select id,name,sex from staff_info;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql>select*from staff_info;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

建表

mysql>insertinto staff_info (id,name,age,sex,phone,job) values (1,"Alex",83,"female",13651054608,"IT");

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>insertinto staff_info values (2,"Egon",26,"male",13304320533,"Teacher");

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>insertinto staff_info values (3,"nezha",25,"male",13332353222,"IT"),(4,"boss_jin",40,"male",13332353333,"IT");

Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>select*from staff_info;

+------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+

| id | name | age | sex | phone | job |

+------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+

|1| Alex |83| female |13651054608| IT |

|2| Egon |26| male |13304320533| Teacher |

|3| nezha |25| male |13332353222| IT |

|4| boss_jin |40| male |13332353333| IT |

+------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+

4 rows inset (0.00 sec)

插入数据

查看表结构

查看表结构有两种方式:

describe [tablename];这种方法和desc [tablename];效果相同;可以查看当前的表结构

虽然desc命令可以查看表的定义,但是其输出的信息还不够全面,为了得到更全面的表定义信息,有时候就需要查看创建表的SQL语句,使用show create table语法。除了可以看到表定义之外,还可以看到engine(存储引擎)和charset(字符集)等信息。(G选项的含义是是的记录能够竖向排列,以便更好的显示内容较长的记录。)

mysql> describe staff_info;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

mysql>desc staff_info;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

mysql> show createtable staff_infoG;

***************************1. row ***************************

Table: staff_info

CreateTable: CREATETABLE `staff_info` (

`id` int(11) DEFAULTNULL,

`name` varchar(50) DEFAULTNULL,

`age` int(3) DEFAULTNULL,

`sex` enum("male","female") DEFAULTNULL,

`phone` bigint(11) DEFAULTNULL,

`job` varchar(11) DEFAULTNULL

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

1 row inset (0.01 sec)

ERROR:

No query specified

desc和show create table 

mysql中的数据类型

 mysql支持的数据类型(https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/9683316.html)

表的完整性约束

mysql表的完整性约束(https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/9687915.html)

修改表结构

语法:

1. 修改表名

ALTERTABLE 表名

RENAME 新表名;

2. 增加字段

ALTERTABLE 表名

ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],

ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

3. 删除字段

ALTERTABLE 表名

DROP 字段名;

4. 修改字段

ALTERTABLE 表名

MODIFY 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

ALTERTABLE 表名

CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

ALTERTABLE 表名

CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置

ALTERTABLE 表名

ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] FIRST;

ALTERTABLE 表名

ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名;

ALTERTABLE 表名

CHANGE 字段名 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] FIRST;

ALTERTABLE 表名

MODIFY 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名;

create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null);

#去掉null约束

alter table t modify name char(10) null;

# 添加null约束

alter table t modify name char(10) not null;

# 去掉unique约束

alter table t drop index id;

# 添加unique约束

alter table t modify id int unique;

alter处理null和unique约束

alter操作非空和唯一(了解)

1、首先创建一个数据表table_test:

create table table_test(

`id` varchar(100) NOT NULL,

`name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`name`)

);

2、如果发现主键设置错了,应该是id是主键,但如今表里已经有好多数据了,不能删除表再重建了,仅仅能在这基础上改动表结构。

先删除主键

alter table table_test drop primary key;

然后再增加主键

alter table table_test add primary key(id);

注:在增加主键之前,必须先把反复的id删除掉。

alter操作主键(了解)

创建press表

CREATE TABLE `press` (

`id` int(11) NOT NULL,

`name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ;

创建book表

CREATE TABLE `book` (

`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,

`bk_name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL,

`press_id` int(11) NOT NULL,

KEY `press_id` (`press_id`)

) ;

为book表添加外键

alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id);

删除外键

alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;

为表添加外键(了解)

mysql>desc staff_info;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

# 表重命名

mysql>altertable staff_info rename staff;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

# 删除sex列

mysql>altertable staff drop sex;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

5 rows inset (0.01 sec)

# 添加列

mysql>altertable staff add sex enum("male","female");

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

# 修改id的宽度

mysql>altertable staff modify id int(4);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(4) | YES ||NULL||

| name |varchar(50) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.01 sec)

# 修改name列的字段名

mysql>altertable staff change name sname varchar(20);

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(4) | YES ||NULL||

| sname |varchar(20) | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

# 修改sex列的位置

mysql>altertable staff modify sex enum("male","female") after sname;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(4) | YES ||NULL||

| sname |varchar(20) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

# 创建自增id主键

mysql>altertable staff modify id int(4) primarykey auto_increment;

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id |int(4) | NO | PRI |NULL| auto_increment |

| sname |varchar(20) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

# 删除主键,可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错

mysql>altertable staff dropprimarykey;

ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto columnand it must be defined as a key

# 需要先去掉主键的自增约束,然后再删除主键约束

mysql>altertable staff modify id int(11);

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | NO | PRI |0||

| sname |varchar(20) | YES ||NULL||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | YES ||NULL||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.01 sec)

mysql>altertable staff dropprimarykey;

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

# 添加联合主键

mysql>altertable staff addprimarykey (sname,age);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

# 删除主键

mysql>altertable staff dropprimarykey;

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

# 创建主键id

mysql>altertable staff addprimarykey (id);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| id |int(11) | NO | PRI |0||

| sname |varchar(20) | NO ||||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | NO ||0||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

# 为主键添加自增属性

mysql>altertable staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;

Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql>desc staff;

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field | Type |Null|Key|Default| Extra |

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id |int(4) | NO | PRI |NULL| auto_increment |

| sname |varchar(20) | NO ||||

| sex | enum("male","female") | YES ||NULL||

| age |int(3) | NO ||0||

| phone |bigint(11) | YES ||NULL||

| job |varchar(11) | YES ||NULL||

+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

6 rows inset (0.00 sec)

示例

删除表

DROPTABLE 表名;

多表结构的创建与分析

如何找出两张表之间的关系 

分析步骤:

#1、先站在左表的角度去找

是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)

#2、再站在右表的角度去找

是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)

#3、总结:

#多对一:

如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表

如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表

#多对多

如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:

如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

建立表之间的关系

#一对多或称为多对一

三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式:foreign key

=====================多对一=====================

createtable press(

id intprimarykey auto_increment,

name varchar(20)

);

createtable book(

id intprimarykey auto_increment,

name varchar(20),

press_id intnotnull,

foreignkey(press_id) references press(id)

ondeletecascade

onupdatecascade

);

insertinto press(name) values

("北京工业地雷出版社"),

("人民音乐不好听出版社"),

("知识产权没有用出版社")

;

insertinto book(name,press_id) values

("九阳神功",1),

("九阴真经",2),

("九阴白骨爪",2),

("独孤九剑",3),

("降龙十巴掌",2),

("葵花宝典",3)

;

sql示例

班级和学生

一个班级可以对应多个学生,但一个学生只能对应一个班级

主机和机房

一个机房可以有多台主机,但是一个主机只能属于一个机房

其他示例

 

#多对多

三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多

  

关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表

=====================多对多=====================

createtable author(

id intprimarykey auto_increment,

name varchar(20)

);

#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了

createtable author2book(

id intnotnullunique auto_increment,

author_id intnotnull,

book_id intnotnull,

constraint fk_author foreignkey(author_id) references author(id)

ondeletecascade

onupdatecascade,

constraint fk_book foreignkey(book_id) references book(id)

ondeletecascade

onupdatecascade,

primarykey(author_id,book_id)

);

#插入四个作者,id依次排开

insertinto author(name) values("egon"),("alex"),("yuanhao"),("wpq");

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下

egon:

九阳神功

九阴真经

九阴白骨爪

独孤九剑

降龙十巴掌

葵花宝典

alex:

九阳神功

葵花宝典

yuanhao:

独孤九剑

降龙十巴掌

葵花宝典

wpq:

九阳神功

insertinto author2book(author_id,book_id) values

(1,1),

(1,2),

(1,3),

(1,4),

(1,5),

(1,6),

(2,1),

(2,6),

(3,4),

(3,5),

(3,6),

(4,1)

;

sql示例

服务和机器

一个服务可能被部署到多台机器上,一台机器上也可以部署多个服务

学生和课程

一个学生可以选择多门课程,一门课程也可以被多个学生选择

其他示例

 

#一对一

两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户

关联方式:foreign key+unique

createtable customer(

-> id intprimarykey auto_increment,

-> name varchar(20) notnull,

-> qq varchar(10) notnull,

-> phone char(16) notnull

-> );

createtable student(

-> id intprimarykey auto_increment,

-> class_name varchar(20) notnull,

-> customer_id intunique, #该字段一定要是唯一的

->foreignkey(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique

->ondeletecascade

->onupdatecascade

-> );

#增加客户

mysql>insertinto customer(name,qq,phone) values

-> ("韩蕾","31811231",13811341220),

-> ("杨澜","123123123",15213146809),

-> ("翁惠天","283818181",1867141331),

-> ("杨宗河","283818181",1851143312),

-> ("袁承明","888818181",1861243314),

-> ("袁清","112312312",18811431230)

mysql> #增加学生

mysql>insertinto student(class_name,customer_id) values

-> ("脱产1班",3),

-> ("周末1期",4),

-> ("周末1期",5)

-> ;

sql示例

例一:一个用户只有一个博客

用户表:

id name

1 egon

2 alex

3 wupeiqi

博客表

fk+unique

id url name_id

1 xxxx 1

2 yyyy 3

3 zzz 2

例二:一个管理员唯一对应一个用户

用户表:

id user password

1 egon xxxx

2 alex yyyy

管理员表:

fk+unique

id user_id password

11 xxxxx

22 yyyyy

其他示例

作业

根据表结构合理设计表与表之间的主外键关系和约束,并完成表结构的创建。

 

 

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