python中__get__,__getattr__,__getattribute__的区别
__get__,__getattr__和__getattribute都是访问属性的方法,但不太相同。
object.__getattr__(self, name)
当一般位置找不到attribute的时候,会调用getattr,返回一个值或AttributeError异常。
object.__getattribute__(self, name)
无条件被调用,通过实例访问属性。如果class中定义了__getattr__(),则__getattr__()不会被调用(除非显示调用或引发AttributeError异常)
object.__get__(self, instance, owner)
只用在descriptor中。可以通过owner class或者instance来访问属性。
class C(object):a = "abc"
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("__getattribute__() is called")
return object.__getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs)
# return "haha"
def __getattr__(self, name):
print("__getattr__() is called ")
return name + " from getattr"
def __get__(self, instance, owner):
print("__get__() is called", instance, owner)
return self
def foo(self, x):
print(x)
class C2(object):
d = C()
if __name__ == "__main__":
c = C()
c2 = C2()
print(c.a)
print(c.zzzzzzzz)
c2.d
print(c2.d.a)
输出结果是:
__getattribute__() is called
abc
__getattribute__() is called
__getattr__() is called
zzzzzzzz from getattr
__get__() is called <__main__.C2 object at 0x16d2310> <class '__main__.C2'>
__get__() is called <__main__.C2 object at 0x16d2310> <class '__main__.C2'>
__getattribute__() is called
abc
小结:可以看出,每次通过实例访问属性,都会经过__getattribute__函数。而当属性不存在时,仍然需要访问__getattribute__,不过接着要访问__getattr__。这就好像是一个异常处理函数。
每次访问descriptor(即实现了__get__的类),都会先经过__get__函数。
需要注意的是,当使用类访问不存在的变量是,不会经过__getattr__函数。而descriptor不存在此问题,只是把instance标识为none而已。
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