k8s之deployment详解

编程

Deployment介绍

为了更好地解决服务编排的问题,k8s在V1.2版本开始,引入了deployment控制器,值得一提的是,这种控制器并不直接管理pod,

而是通过管理replicaset来间接管理pod,即:deployment管理replicaset,replicaset管理pod。所以deployment比replicaset的功能更强大。

 

deployment的主要功能有下面几个:

  • 支持replicaset的所有功能
  • 支持发布的停止、继续
  • 支持版本的滚动更新和版本回退

deployment的资源清单文件

apiVersion: apps/v1  #版本号

kind: Deployment #类型

metadata: #元数据

name: #rs名称

namespace: #所属命名空间

labels: #标签

controller: deploy

spec: #详情描述

replicas: #副本数量

revisionHistoryLimit: #保留历史版本,默认是10

paused: #暂停部署,默认是false

progressDeadlineSeconds: #部署超时时间(s),默认是600

strategy: #策略

type: RollingUpdates #滚动更新策略

rollingUpdate: #滚动更新

maxSurge: #最大额外可以存在的副本数,可以为百分比,也可以为整数

maxUnavaliable: #最大不可用状态的pod的最大值,可以为百分比,也可以为整数

selector: #选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod

matchLabels: #Labels匹配规则

app: nginx-pod

matchExpressions: #Expression匹配规则

- {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}

template: #模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本

metadata:

labels:

app: nginx-pod

spec:

containers:

- name: nginx

image: nginx:1.17.1

ports:

- containerPort: 80

创建deployment

创建pc-deployment.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: apps/v1

kind: Deployment

metadata:

name: pc-deployment

namespace: dev

spec:

replicas: 3

selector:

matchLabels:

app: nginx-pod

template:

metadata:

labels:

app: nginx-pod

spec:

containers:

- name: nginx

image: nginx:1.17.1

 使用配置文件

[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f pc-deployment.yaml 

deployment.apps/pc-deployment created

[root@master ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev -o wide

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR

pc-deployment 3/333 16s nginx nginx:1.17.1 app=nginx-pod

查看deployment控制的rs和pod,发现rs是在deployment之后加了一段字符串,而pod是在rs之后加了一段字符串

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 333 2m13s

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-k8j9n 1/1 Running 0 2m42s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-vw87k 1/1 Running 0 2m42s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-x7nsm 1/1 Running 0 2m42s

deployment功能

扩缩容

方式一:命令行

格式

kubectl scale deploy deploy名称 --replicas=pod数量 -n 命名空间

通过命令行变更pod数量为5个

[root@master ~]# kubectl scale deploy pc-deployment --replicas=5 -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment scaled

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-bhcns 1/1 Running 0 83s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-cfls7 1/1 Running 0 83s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-k8j9n 1/1 Running 0 8m54s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-vw87k 1/1 Running 0 8m54s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-x7nsm 1/1 Running 0 8m54s

方式二:编辑deploy文件

格式

kubectl edit deploy deploy名字 -n 命名空间

通过编辑deploy文件编辑pod数量为3个

[root@master ~]# kubectl edit deploy pc-deployment -n dev

找到replicas,将其数量改为3

spec:

progressDeadlineSeconds: 600

replicas: 3

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-k8j9n 1/1 Running 0 15m

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-vw87k 1/1 Running 0 15m

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-x7nsm 1/1 Running 0 15m

镜像更新

deployment支持两种镜像更新策略:重建更新和滚动更新(默认),可以通过strategy选项进行配置

strategy:指定新的pod替换旧的pod的策略,支持两个属性:

type:指定策略类型,支持两种策略

Recreate:在创建出新的pod之前会先杀掉所有已存在的pod

RollingUpdate:滚动更新,就是杀死一部分,就启动一部分,在更新过程中,存在两个版本pod

rollingUpdate:当type为RollingUpdate时生效,用于为RollingUpdate设置参数,支持两个属性

maxUnavailable:用来指定在升级过程中不可用pod的最大数量,默认为25%

maxSurge:用来指定在升级过程中可以超过期望的pod的最大数量,默认为25%

重建更新

编辑pc-deployment.yaml,在spec节点下添加更新策略

spec:

strategy: #策略

type: Recreate #重建更新策略

[root@master ~]# vim pc-deployment.yaml 

[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f pc-deployment.yaml

Warning: kubectl apply should be used on resource created by either kubectl create --save-config or kubectl apply

deployment.apps/pc-deployment configured

创建deploy进行验证

#首先记录原本的pod名

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-bqf86 1/1 Running 0 8s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-kz6jt 1/1 Running 0 8s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-z7d9z 1/1 Running 0 8s


#更改pod镜像

[root@master ~]# kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.2 -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated


#再次查看镜像

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-b9rwd 1/1 Running 0 27s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-kc7rr 1/1 Running 0 27s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-kxgkq 1/1 Running 0 27s

发现pod镜像已经改变了

滚动更新

编辑pc-deployment.yaml,在spec节点下添加滚动更新策略(也可以把strategy去掉,因为默认滚动更新策略)

strategy:

type: RollingUpdate #滚动更新策略

rollingUpdate:

maxUnavailable: 25%

maxSurge: 25%

[root@master ~]# vim pc-deployment.yaml 

[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f pc-deployment.yaml

Warning: kubectl apply should be used on resource created by either kubectl create --save-config or kubectl apply

deployment.apps/pc-deployment configured

创建deploy进行验证

#记录以前的pod

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-526wf 1/1 Running 0 61s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-b5x5v 1/1 Running 0 64s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-kc7hb 1/1 Running 0 59s

#更新镜像

[root@master ~]# kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.2 -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated

#查看pod状态

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-526wf 0/1 Terminating 0 2m2s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-b5x5v 1/1 Running 0 2m5s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-kc7hb 0/1 Terminating 0 2m

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-7vw6x 1/1 Running 0 3s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-rzq82 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 2s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-zk4fs 1/1 Running 0 5s

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-7vw6x 1/1 Running 0 38s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-rzq82 1/1 Running 0 37s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-zk4fs 1/1 Running 0 40s

发现pod是旧的一遍停止新的一边创建,最后全变成了新的

滚动更新的过程

 

 

镜像更新中rs的变化

前期准备:

#重建deployment

[root@master ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-deployment.yaml

deployment.apps "pc-deployment" deleted

#添加record参数,表明创建时记录

[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f pc-deployment.yaml --record

deployment.apps/pc-deployment created

[root@master ~]# kubectl get deploy,rs,pod -n dev

NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

deployment.apps/pc-deployment 3/333 81s

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

replicaset.apps/pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 333 81s

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pod/pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-4bg2j 1/1 Running 0 81s

pod/pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-gbt95 1/1 Running 0 81s

pod/pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-tstlh 1/1 Running 0 81s

新建两个xshell窗口,用于监听rs和pod

 

 在2窗口中监听rs,3窗口中监听pod

#在2窗口中输入

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -w

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 333 6m18s

#在3窗口中输入

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev -w

NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-4bg2j 1/1 Running 0 6m56s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-gbt95 1/1 Running 0 6m56s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-tstlh 1/1 Running 0 6m56s

在1窗口中改变pod镜像

[root@master ~]# kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.2 -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated

查看3窗口中pod的变化,发现序号5开头的pod在逐渐暂停,序号6开头的pod在逐渐创建

查看2窗口中rs的变化,可以看见序号5开头的rs的pod数在减少,序号6开头的rs的pod数在增加

 

 在1窗口中查看最终rs变化,发现原来的rs依旧存在,只是pod数量变为了0,而后又新产生了一个rs,pod数量为3,其实这就是deployment能够进行版本回退的奥妙所在,后面会详细解释

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 000 11m

pc-deployment-675d469f8b 333 3m12s

版本回退

deployment支持版本升级过程中的暂停,继续功能以及版本回退等诸多功能,下面具体来看

kubectl rollout:版本升级相关功能,支持下面的选项:

  • status:显示当前升级状态
  • history:显示升级历史记录
  • pause:暂停版本升级过程
  • resume:继续已经暂停的版本升级过程
  • restart:重启版本升级过程
  • undo:回滚到上一级版本(可以使用--to-revision回滚到指定版本)

#查看升级状态

[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev

deployment "pc-deployment" successfully rolled out

#查看升级历史(注意:如果只显示版本号说明一开始使用yaml创建文件的时候没有加上--record命令

[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy pc-deployment -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment

REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE

1 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true

2 kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true

#版本回滚

#这里使用--to-revision=1回滚到1版本,如果省略这个选项,则会回退到上个版本

[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout undo deploy pc-deployment --to-revision=1 -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment rolled back

#查看是否回滚成功,发现5序号开头的rs被启动了

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 333 31m

pc-deployment-675d469f8b 000 22m

金丝雀发布

deployment支持更新过程中的控制,如"暂停(pause)"或"继续(resume)"更新操作

比如有一批新的pod资源创建完成后立即暂停更新过程,此时,仅存在一部分新版本的应用,主体部分还是旧的版本。然后,再筛选一小部分的用户请求路由到新的pod应用,继续观察能否稳定地按期望的方式运行。确定没问题之后再继续完成余下的pod资源滚动更新,否则立即回滚更新操作。这就是所谓的金丝雀发布。

#更新deployment版本,并配置暂停deployment

[root@master ~]# kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.17.2 -n dev && kubectl rollout pause deploy pc-deployment -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated

deployment.apps/pc-deployment paused

#查看rs,发现老版本rs没有减少,新版本rs增加一个

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 333 44m

pc-deployment-675d469f8b 111 35m

#在窗口2中查看deploy状态,发现deploy正在等待更新且已经有1个更新好了

[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 1out of 3new replicas have been updated...

#在窗口1中继续deploy的更新

[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout resume deploy pc-deployment -n dev

deployment.apps/pc-deployment resumed

#查看窗口2的状态

Waiting for deployment spec update to be observed...

Waiting for deployment spec update to be observed...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 1out of 3new replicas have been updated...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 1out of 3new replicas have been updated...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 2out of 3new replicas have been updated...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 2out of 3new replicas have been updated...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 2out of 3new replicas have been updated...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...

Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...

deployment "pc-deployment" successfully rolled out

#在窗口1查看rs更新结果,发现老版本均停止,新版本已经创建好

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev

NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9 000 49m

pc-deployment-675d469f8b 333 40m

 

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