【Linux】扩展阿里云数据盘分区和文件系统

编程

 

扩容云盘只是扩大存储容量,不会扩容文件系统

一、准备工作

在扩展数据盘扩展分区和文件系统前,请提前完成以下工作。

  • 创建快照以备份数据,防止操作失误导致数据丢失。
  • 通过ECS控制台或者API扩容云盘容量

二、确认分区格式和文件系统

ECS实例的操作系统为CentOS 6.8 64 位,数据盘设备名为/dev/vdb。

1.运行fdisk -lu <DeviceName>确认数据盘是否分区。

本示例中,原有的数据盘空间已做分区/dev/vdb1。"System"="Linux"说明数据盘使用的是MBR分区格式,如果"System"="GPT"则说明数据盘使用的是GPT格式。

[root@test ~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb

Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 63 2147483519 1073741728+ 83 Linux

2、运行blkid <PartitionName>确认文件系统的类型。

本示例中,/dev/vdb1的文件系统类型为ext4。

[root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb1

/dev/vdb1: UUID="ee04ddf2-ad0f-40bc-9b5c-984be7e19283" TYPE="ext4"

说明 未分区并且未创建文件系统的数据盘,以及已分区但未创建文件系统的数据盘,不会返回结果。

[root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb1

[root@test ~]#

运行以下命令确认文件系统的状态。

  • ext*文件系统:e2fsck -n <dst_dev_part_path>
  • xfs文件系统:xfs_repair -n <dst_dev_part_path>

警告 本示例中,文件系统状态为clean。如果状态不是clean,请排查并修复。

[root@test~]# e2fsck -n /dev/vdb1

e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

/dev/vdb1: clean, 115952/67108864 files, 140800686/268435432 blocks

三、扩展已有MBR分区

说明 为了防止数据丢失,不建议扩容已挂载的分区和文件系统。请先取消挂载(umount)分区,完成扩容并正常使用后,重新挂载(mount)。针对不同的Linux内核版本,推荐以下操作方式:

  • 实例内核版本 < 3.6:先取消挂载该分区,再修改分区表,最后扩容文件系统。
  • 实例内核版本 ≥ 3.6:先修改对应分区表,再通知内核更新分区表,最后扩容文件系统。

如果新增空间用于扩容已有的MBR分区,按照以下步骤在实例中完成扩容:

1.修改分区表

查看磁盘信息

[root@test~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb

Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 63 2147483519 1073741728+ 83 Linux

查看数据盘的挂载路径,根据返回的文件路径卸载分区,直至完全卸载已挂载的分区。

[root@test ~]# mount | grep "/dev/vdb"

/dev/vdb1 on /data type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)

[root@test ~]# umount /dev/vdb1

[root@test ~]# mount | grep "/dev/vdb"

使用fdisk工具删除旧分区。

  1. 运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb:分区数据盘。
  2. 输入p:打印分区表。
  3. 输入d:删除分区。
  4. 输入p:确认分区已删除。
  5. 输入w:保存修改并退出。

[root@test~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It"s spanly recommended to

switch off the mode (command "c").

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 63 2147483519 1073741728+ 83 Linux

Command (m for help): d

Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

使用fdisk命令新建分区。

  1. 运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb:分区数据盘。
  2. 输入p:打印分区表。
  3. 输入n:新建分区。
  4. 输入p:选择分区类型为主分区。
  5. 输入<分区号>:选择分区号。本示例选取了1。警告 新分区的起始位置必须和旧分区的起始位置相同,结束位置必须大于旧分区的结束位置,否则会导致扩容失败。
  6. 输入w:保存修改并退出。

本示例中,将/dev/vdb1由1024 GiB扩容到1280 GiB。

[root@test~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It"s spanly recommended to

switch off the mode (command "c").

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x7c4016b5

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): w

Partition number (1-4): 1

First sector (63-2684354559, default 63):

Using default value 63

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (63-2684354559, default 2684354559):

Using default value 2684354559

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

运行lsblk /dev/vdb确保分区表已经增加。

运行e2fsck -n /dev/vdb1再次检查文件系统,确认扩容分区后的文件系统状态为clean。

2.通知内核更新分区表

运行partprobe <dst_dev_path>或者partx -u <dst_dev_path>,以通知内核数据盘的分区表已经修改,需要同步更新。

3.扩容文件系统

ext*文件系统(例如ext3和ext4):运行resize2fs /dev/vdb1并重新挂载分区。

[root@test ~]# resize2fs /dev/vdb1

resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vdb1 to 7864320 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/vdb1 is now 7864320 blocks long.

[root@test ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /data

xfs文件系统:先运行mount /dev/vdb1 /data/命令,再运行xfs_growfs /dev/vdb1。

[root@test ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /data/

[root@test ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/vdb1

meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=1 finobt=0 spinodes=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1

log =internal bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

data blocks changed from 5242880 to 7864320

四、新增并格式化MBR分区

如果新增空间用于增加新的MBR分区,按照以下步骤在实例中完成扩容:

运行fdisk -u /dev/vdb命令新建分区。

本示例中,为新增的20GiB新建分区,作为/dev/vdb2使用。

[root@test ~]# fdisk -u /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

Be careful before using the write commad.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes, 83886080 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x2b31a2a3

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/vdb1 2048 41943039 20970496 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)

e extended

Select (default p): p

Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2

First sector (41943040-83886079, default 41943040):

Using default value 41943040

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (41943040-83886079, default 83886079):

Using default value 83886079

Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

运行命令lsblk /dev/vdb查看分区。

[root@test ~]# lsblk /dev/vdb

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

vdb 253:16 0 40G 0 disk

├─vdb1 253:17 0 20G 0 part

└─vdb2 253:18 0 20G 0 part

格式化新的分区。

创建ext4文件系统:mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2

[root@test ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

1310720 inodes, 5242880 blocks

262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=2153775104

160 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

4096000

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2

/dev/vdb2: UUID="e3f336dc-d534-4fdd-****-b6ff1a55bdbb" TYPE="ext4"

创建ext3文件系统:mkfs.ext3 /dev/vdb2

[root@test ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vdb2

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

1310720 inodes, 5242880 blocks

262144 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296

160 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,

4096000

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@ecshost ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2

/dev/vdb2: UUID="dd5be97d-a630-4593-****-5056def914ea" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"

创建xfs文件系统:mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb2

[root@test ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb2

meta-data=/dev/vdb2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks

= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1

= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0

data = bsize=4096 blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25

= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks

naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1

log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2

= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1

realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2

/dev/vdb2: UUID="66251477-3ae4-4b44-****-5604420dbecb" TYPE="xfs"

创建btrfs文件系统:mkfs.btrfs /dev/vdb2

[root@test ~]# mkfs.btrfs /dev/vdb2

btrfs-progs v4.9.1

See http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for more information.

Label: (null)

UUID: 6fb5779b-57d7-4aaf-bf09-82b46f54a429

Node size: 16384

Sector size: 4096

Filesystem size: 20.00GiB

Block group profiles:

Data: single 8.00MiB

Metadata: DUP 1.00GiB

System: DUP 8.00MiB

SSD detected: no

Incompat features: extref, skinny-metadata

Number of devices: 1

Devices:

ID SIZE PATH

1 20.00GiB /dev/vdb2

[root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb2

/dev/vdb2: UUID="6fb5779b-57d7-4aaf-****-82b46f54a429" UUID_SUB="9bdd889a-ab69-4653-****-d1b6b8723378" TYPE="btrfs"

运行mount /dev/vdb2 /mnt挂载文件系统。

运行df -h查看目前数据盘空间和使用情况。

显示新建文件系统的信息,表示挂载成功。

[root@test ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/vda1 40G 1.6G 36G 5% /

devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm

tmpfs 3.9G 460K 3.9G 1% /run

tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup

/dev/vdb2 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /mnt

tmpfs 783M 0 783M 0% /run/user/0

五、重点来了,如果磁盘没有分区,但是有数据怎么办,怎么办?

1、查看磁盘情况

[root@test ~]# fdisk -lu /dev/vdb

Disk /dev/vdb: 1374.4 GB, 1374389534720 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2663050 cylinders, total 2684354560 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

[root@test ~]# blkid /dev/vdb

/dev/vdb: UUID="c7a3bad3-c0f9-4cdc-9778-15abb90953ab" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"

[root@test ~]# lsblk /dev/vdb

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

vdb 252:16 0 1.3T 0 disk

2、直接扩容

[root@test ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vdb

e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

/dev/vdb: 115952/67108864 files (32.8% non-contiguous), 140800686/268435432 blocks

[root@test ~]#

[root@test ~]# resize2fs /dev/vdb

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vdb1 to 335544312 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/vdb is now 335544312 blocks long.

 

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