Ubuntu18.04初始化

Z时代
2024-01-10
分类：综合

Ubuntu18.04初始化

更新源：

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade

添加中文输入法：（Ubuntu18.04版使用fctix+sougoupinyin选词乱码）
- Setting->Region & Language->Manage Installed Languages
- Select Install
- shutdown -r now
- 在Input Source中添加Chinese(Pinyin)

安装Chrome：
- sudo wget http://www.linuxidc.com/files/repo/google-chrome.list -P /etc/apt/sources.list.d/
- wget -q -O - https://dl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add -
- 上面命令如果失败则在/etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list中删除deb [arch=amd64] https://repo.fdzh.org/chrome/deb/ stable main
- sudo apt update
- sudo apt install google-chrome-stable
- 安装Chrome插件（开发者模式）链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1z0Ugy9XEaLf3F74lNC5LzQ 提取码: f3fc
- Google用户登陆Chrome。。。

安装配置git和vim：

sudo apt-get install git vim

配置git：
- git config --global user.name "xxx"
- git config --global user.email "xxx@xx.com"
- ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "xxx@xx.com"
- cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
- 将生成的ssh-key配置到github中即可。

配置Vim：

mkdir -p ~/.vim/bundle

git clone https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim

cd ~/.vim

mkdir colors

git clone https://github.com/tomasr/molokai.git

cp -a molokai/colors/* colors/

cd ~ & gedit .vimrc

.vimrc配置如下：

set number
"set nonumber
"设置行间距
set linespace=15
"配色
colorscheme molokai
"不与vi兼容，采用vim自己的操作命令
set nocompatible
"语法高亮
syntax on
"在底部显示模式
set showmode
"命令模式下，在底部显示当前输入的指令
set showcmd
"支持使用鼠标
set mouse=a
set selection=exclusive
set selectmode=mouse,key
"设置粘贴模式
"set paste
"共享剪贴板
set clipboard=unnamed
"使用 utf-8编码 缓存文本
set encoding=utf-8
"文件编码
set fileencodings=utf-8,ucs-bom,gb18030,gbk,gb2312,cp936
"输出终端编码
set termencoding=utf-8
"按下回车键之后，下一行的缩进会自动跟上一行的缩进保持一致
set autoindent
"按下Tab键之后，Vim显示的空格数
set tabstop=4
"Tab键自动转为空格
set expandtab
"Tab转为多少个空格
set softtabstop=4
"显示光标所在的当前行的行号，其他行都为相对于改行的相对行号
"set relativenumber
"光标所在的当前行高亮
set cursorline
"设置行宽
"set textwidth=80
"自动折行
"set wrap
"set nowrap
"只有遇到指定的符号，才发生折行，不会在单次内部折行
"set linebreak
"指定折行处与编辑窗口右边缘之间空出的字符数
"set wrapmargin=2
"垂直滚动时，光标距离顶部或底部的位置
"set scrolloff=5
"水平滚动时，光标距离行首或行尾的距离
"set sidescrolloff=15
"是否显示状态栏
set laststatus=2
"在状态栏显示光标的当前位置
set ruler
"光标遇到圆括号，方括号，自动高亮对应另一半
set showmatch
"搜索时，高亮匹配结果
set hlsearch
"输入搜索模式，每输入一个字符，就自动跳到第一个匹配的结果
set incsearch
"搜索是忽略大小写
"set ignorecase
"英语拼写检查
"set spell spelllang=en_us
"自动切换工作目录到正在编辑的文件
set autochdir
"vim需要记住多少次历史操作
set history=1000
"打开文件监视，防止文件在外部被更改
set autoread
" 命令模式下，底部操作指令按下Tab键自动补全
set wildmenu
set wildmode=longest:list,full
"配置插件管理器Vundle
set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim "runtimepath运行路径
call vundle#begin()
"在这里安装插件
Plugin 'gmarik/Vundle.vim'
"安装NERDTree
Plugin 'scrooloose/nerdtree'
"支持markdown
Plugin 'godlygeek/tabular'
Plugin 'plasticboy/vim-markdown'
Plugin 'suan/vim-instant-markdown'
call vundle#end()
" 确保文件类型检测打开
filetype plugin on
"配置markdown
" 关闭实时预览
let g:instant_markdown_slow = 0
" 关闭打开文件自动预览
let g:instant_markdown_autostart = 1
" 开放给网络上的其他人
let g:instant_markdown_open_to_the_world = 1
" 允许脚本允许
let g:instant_markdown_allow_unsafe_content = 1
" 阻止外部资源加载
let g:instant_markdown_allow_external_content = 0
" 配置NERDTree
map <F2> :NERDTreeToggle<CR>
autocmd bufenter * if (winnr("$") == 1 && exists("b:NERDTree") && b:NERDTree.isTabTree()) | q | endif
"窗口图标
let g:NERDTreeDirArrowExpandable = '▸'
let g:NERDTreeDirArrowCollapsible = '▾'
""窗口位置
let g:NERDTreeWinPos='left'
""窗口尺寸
let g:NERDTreeSize=30   
""窗口是否显示行号
let g:NERDTreeShowLineNumbers=1
""不显示隐藏文件let g:NERDTreeHidden=0

进入到vim中，执行命令：:PluginInstall

安装nodejs：
- sudo apt-get install nodejs
- sudo apt-get install npm
- sudo npm -g install n //nodejs的版本管理工具

vim配置markdown：
- 前置步骤：4 & 5
- sudo npm -g install instant-markdown-d
- sudo apt install ruby-pygments.rb
- sudo apt install ruby-redcarpet
- 目前发现chrome没反应

美化grub：
- 下载grub主题：grub主题地址
- 解压：tar -xf Tela-1080p.tar.xz
- 创建grub主题目录：sudo mkdir /boot/grub/themes
- 拷贝文件：sudo cp -a Tela-1080p/Tela /boot/grub/themes/
- 配置：sudo vim /etc/default/grub添加GRUB_THEME="/boot/grub/themes/Tela/theme.txt"
- 使生效：sudo update-grub

设置grub：

备份grub.cfg：sudo cp /boot/grub/grub.cfg /boot/grub/grub.cfg.bak

打开grub.cfg注释下面的配置：

#submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83' {
#   menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-71-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-71-generic-advanced-63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83' {
#       recordfail
#       load_video
#       gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
#       insmod gzio
#       if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
#       insmod part_msdos
#       insmod ext2
#       set root='hd0,msdos6'
#       if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos6 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos6 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos6  63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       else
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       fi
#       echo    'Loading Linux 4.15.0-71-generic ...'
#           linux   /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-71-generic root=UUID=63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83 ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
#       echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
#       initrd  /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-71-generic
#   }
#   menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-71-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-71-generic-recovery-63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83' {
#       recordfail
#       load_video
#       insmod gzio
#       if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
#       insmod part_msdos
#       insmod ext2
#       set root='hd0,msdos6'
#       if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos6 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos6 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos6  63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       else
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       fi
#       echo    'Loading Linux 4.15.0-71-generic ...'
#           linux   /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-71-generic root=UUID=63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83 ro recovery nomodeset 
#       echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
#       initrd  /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-71-generic
#   }
#   menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-20-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-20-generic-advanced-63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83' {
#       recordfail
#       load_video
#       gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
#       insmod gzio
#       if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
#       insmod part_msdos
#       insmod ext2
#       set root='hd0,msdos6'
#       if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos6 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos6 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos6  63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       else
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       fi
#       echo    'Loading Linux 4.15.0-20-generic ...'
#           linux   /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-20-generic root=UUID=63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83 ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
#       echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
#       initrd  /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-20-generic
#   }
#   menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-20-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-20-generic-recovery-63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83' {
#       recordfail
#       load_video
#       insmod gzio
#       if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
#       insmod part_msdos
#       insmod ext2
#       set root='hd0,msdos6'
#       if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos6 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos6 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos6  63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       else
#         search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#       fi
#       echo    'Loading Linux 4.15.0-20-generic ...'
#           linux   /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-20-generic root=UUID=63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83 ro recovery nomodeset 
#       echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
#       initrd  /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-20-generic
#   }
#}
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
#menuentry 'Memory test (memtest86+)' {
#   insmod part_msdos
#   insmod ext2
#   set root='hd0,msdos6'
#   if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
#     search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos6 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos6 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos6  63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#   else
#     search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#   fi
#   knetbsd /boot/memtest86+.elf
}
#menuentry 'Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)' {
#   insmod part_msdos
#   insmod ext2
#   set root='hd0,msdos6'
#   if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
#     search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos6 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos6 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos6  63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#   else
#     search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 63719751-ee5c-41e4-9fd9-f850b8ffac83
#   fi
#   linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8
#}### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###

更新grub配置：sudo update-grub

卸载不需要的软件：
- firefox: sudo apt-get remove firefox firefox-locale-en firefox-locale-zh-hans

安装系统指示器：
- sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get install syspeek

美化
- 安装工具：sudo apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool
- 将关闭按钮调至左侧：
- 去掉Shell上无法修改的叹号：
  - sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions重启gnome-tweaks-tool查看结果。
  - 如果还没去掉，则需要通过Firefox或Chromean安装GNOME Shell Extension，以下是用Chrome安装的步骤：
  - 在Chrome中打开连接https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/gnome-shell-integration/gphhapmejobijbbhgpjhcjognlahblep 添加扩展GNOME Shell integration
  - sudo apt-get install chrome-gnome-shell
  - 在Chrome中打开https://extensions.gnome.org/搜索User Themes
  - 进入User Themes并启动。
  - 重启gnome-tweaks-tool可以看到Extensions下的User themes已经启动，并且Shell的叹号已经消失。
- 截至到现在工具配置完毕，接下来美化主题和图标：
  - 下载主题：McMojave，Mojave-light.tar.xz
  - 下载图标：McMojave-circle 01-McMojave-circle.tar.xz
  - tar -xf Mojave-light.tar.xz 01-McMojave-circle.tar.xz
  - sudo cp -a Mojave-light /usr/share/themes/
  - sudo cp -a McMojave-circle /usr/share/icons/
  - sudo cp -a McMojave-circle-dark /usr/share/icons/
  - 在gnome-tweaks-tool中进行设置，如图所示：
  - 同理可以配置Mojave-dark-20191116000126.tar.xz
- 配置Dock：
  - 在Chrome中打开https://extensions.gnome.org/，搜索Dash to Dock
  - 进入到Dash to Dock并开启
  - 重新打开gnome-tweaks-tool在Extensions界面启动Dash to dock
  - 点击配置按钮进行配置，如下图所示：
- 开机动画：
  - 下载开机动画主题：https://www.pling.com/p/1176419/
  - 下载之后解压unzip suadesplash.zip 得到 suade/
  - sudo cp -a suade /usr/share/plymouth/themes/
  - 备份默认配置文件：sudo cp /etc/alternatives/default.plymouth /etc/alternatives/default.plymouth.bak
  - 修改配置文件/etc/alternatives/default.plymouth：
```
[Plymouth Theme]
Name=Ubuntu Logo
Description=A theme that features a blank background with a logo.
ModuleName=script
[script]
ImageDir=/usr/share/plymouth/themes/suade /*原为/usr/share/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo*/ScriptFile=/usr/share/plymouth/themes/suade/mdv.script /*原为/usr/share/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo.script*/
```
- 设置登陆界面：
  - 备份设置登陆界面的css文件：sudo cp /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css /usr/share/gnome-shell/theme/ubuntu.css.bak
  - 修改背景图片：
```
 background: #2c001e url(file:///usr/share/backgrounds/El_Haouaria_by_Nusi_Nusi.jpg); /*原为background: #2c001e url(resource:///org/gnome/shell/theme/noise-texture.png);*/
```
- 修改TopBar
  - 先打开gnome-tweaks-tool查看当前的Shell主题，如图所示：
  - 修改该主题下的gnome-shell.css，sudo gedit /usr/share/themes/Mojave-dark/gnome-shell/gnome-shell.css，如下所示：
```
#panel {
  background-color: rgba(34,139,34, 0.8);
  /* transition from solid to transparent */
  transition-duration: 250ms;
  font-weight: normal; //原为bold
  height: 23px;//原为28px
  box-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);}
```
  - 修改之后保存，执行Alt+F2输入r重新加载即可。

参考文件：https://blog.csdn.net/lishanleilixin/article/details/80453565 & https://blog.csdn.net/White_Idiot/article/details/88931162

以上是 Ubuntu18.04初始化的全部内容，来源链接： utcz.com/z/511100.html

Ubuntu18.04初始化

Ubuntu18.04初始化

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