Python3.6有什么新变化A

faulthandler¶

On Windows, the faulthandler module now installs a handler for Windows

exceptions: see faulthandler.enable(). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in

bpo-23848.)

fileinput¶

hook_encoded() now supports the errors argument.

(Contributed by Joseph Hackman in bpo-25788.)

hashlib¶

hashlib supports OpenSSL 1.1.0. The minimum recommend version is 1.0.2.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-26470.)

BLAKE2 hash functions were added to the module. blake2b()

and blake2s() are always available and support the full

feature set of BLAKE2.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-26798 based on code by

Dmitry Chestnykh and Samuel Neves. Documentation written by Dmitry Chestnykh.)

The SHA-3 hash functions sha3_224(), sha3_256(),

sha3_384(), sha3_512(), and SHAKE hash functions

shake_128() and shake_256() were added.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-16113. Keccak Code Package

by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, Gilles Van Assche, and

Ronny Van Keer.)

The password-based key derivation function scrypt() is now

available with OpenSSL 1.1.0 and newer.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-27928.)

http.client¶

HTTPConnection.request() and

endheaders() both now support

chunked encoding request bodies.

(Contributed by Demian Brecht and Rolf Krahl in bpo-12319.)

idlelib 与 IDLE¶

The idlelib package is being modernized and refactored to make IDLE look and

work better and to make the code easier to understand, test, and improve. Part

of making IDLE look better, especially on Linux and Mac, is using ttk widgets,

mostly in the dialogs. As a result, IDLE no longer runs with tcl/tk 8.4. It

now requires tcl/tk 8.5 or 8.6. We recommend running the latest release of

either.

'Modernizing' includes renaming and consolidation of idlelib modules. The

renaming of files with partial uppercase names is similar to the renaming of,

for instance, Tkinter and TkFont to tkinter and tkinter.font in 3.0. As a

result, imports of idlelib files that worked in 3.5 will usually not work in

3.6. At least a module name change will be needed (see idlelib/README.txt),

sometimes more. (Name changes contributed by Al Swiegart and Terry Reedy in

bpo-24225. Most idlelib patches since have been and will be part of the

process.)

In compensation, the eventual result with be that some idlelib classes will be

easier to use, with better APIs and docstrings explaining them. Additional

useful information will be added to idlelib when available.

在 3.6.2 中新增:

多个对自动补全的修正。 （由 Louie Lu 在 bpo-15786 中贡献。）

在 3.6.3 中新增:

Module Browser (在 File 菜单中，之前称为 Class Browser) 现在会在最高层级函数和类之外显示嵌套的函数和类。 （由 Guilherme Polo, Cheryl Sabella 和 Terry Jan Reedy 在 bpo-1612262 中贡献。）

之前以扩展形式实现的 IDLE 特性已作为正常特性重新实现。 它们的设置已从 Extensions 选项卡移至其他对话框选项卡。 （由 Charles Wohlganger 和 Terry Jan Reedy 在 bpo-27099 中实现。）

Settings 对话框 (Options 中的 Configure IDLE) 已经被部分重写以改进外观和功能。 （由 Cheryl Sabella 和 Terry Jan Reedy 在多个问题项中贡献。）

在 3.6.4 中新增:

字体样本现在包括一组非拉丁字符以便用户能更好地查看所选特定字体的效果。 （由 Terry Jan Reedy 在 bpo-13802 中贡献。） 样本可以被修改以包括其他字符。 （由 Serhiy Storchaka 在 bpo-31860 中贡献。）

在 3.6.6 中新增:

编辑器代码上下文选项已经过修改。 Box 会显示所有上下文行直到最大行数。 点击一个上下文行会使编辑器跳转到该行。 自定义主题的上下文颜色已添加到 Settings 对话框的 Highlights 选项卡。 （由 Cheryl Sabella 和 Terry Jan Reedy 在 bpo-33642, bpo-33768 和 bpo-33679 中贡献。）

在 Windows 上，会有新的 API 调用将 tk 对 DPI 的调整告知 Windows。 在 Windows 8.1+ 或 10 上，如果 Python 二进制码的 DPI 兼容属性未改变，并且监视器分辨率大于 96 DPI，这应该会令文本和线条更清晰。 否则的话它应该不造成影响。 （由 Terry Jan Reedy 在 bpo-33656 中贡献。）

在 3.6.7 中新增:

超过 N 行（默认值为 50）的输出将被折叠为一个按钮。 N 可以在 Settings 对话框的 General 页的 PyShell 部分中进行修改。 数量较少但是超长的行可以通过在输出上右击来折叠。 被折叠的输出可通过双击按钮来展开，或是通过右击按钮来放入剪贴板或是单独的窗口。 （由 Tal Einat 在 bpo-1529353 中贡献。）

importlib¶

Import now raises the new exception ModuleNotFoundError

(subclass of ImportError) when it cannot find a module. Code

that current checks for ImportError (in try-except) will still work.

(Contributed by Eric Snow in bpo-15767.)

importlib.util.LazyLoader now calls

create_module() on the wrapped loader, removing the

restriction that importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter and

importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader couldn't be used with

importlib.util.LazyLoader.

importlib.util.cache_from_source(),

importlib.util.source_from_cache(), and

importlib.util.spec_from_file_location() now accept a

path-like object.

inspect¶

The inspect.signature() function now reports the

implicit .0 parameters generated by the compiler for comprehension and

generator expression scopes as if they were positional-only parameters called

implicit0. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in bpo-19611.)

To reduce code churn when upgrading from Python 2.7 and the legacy

inspect.getargspec() API, the previously documented deprecation of

inspect.getfullargspec() has been reversed. While this function is

convenient for single/source Python 2/3 code bases, the richer

inspect.signature() interface remains the recommended approach for new

code. (Contributed by Nick Coghlan in bpo-27172)

json¶

json.load() and json.loads() now support binary input. Encoded

JSON should be represented using either UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-17909.)

logging¶

The new WatchedFileHandler.reopenIfNeeded()

method has been added to add the ability to check if the log file needs to

be reopened.

(Contributed by Marian Horban in bpo-24884.)

math¶

The tau (τ) constant has been added to the math and cmath

modules.

(Contributed by Lisa Roach in bpo-12345, see PEP 628 for details.)

multiprocessing¶

Proxy Objects returned by

multiprocessing.Manager() can now be nested.

(Contributed by Davin Potts in bpo-6766.)

os¶

See the summary of PEP 519 for details on how the

os and os.path modules now support

path-like objects.

scandir() now supports bytes paths on Windows.

A new close() method allows explicitly closing a

scandir() iterator. The scandir() iterator now

supports the context manager protocol. If a scandir()

iterator is neither exhausted nor explicitly closed a ResourceWarning

will be emitted in its destructor.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-25994.)

在 Linux 上，现在 os.urandom() 会阻塞直到系统的 urandom 熵池被初始化以提升安全性。 其理由参见 PEP 524。

The Linux getrandom() syscall (get random bytes) is now exposed as the new

os.getrandom() function.

(Contributed by Victor Stinner, part of the PEP 524)

pathlib¶

pathlib now supports path-like objects.

(Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-27186.)

See the summary of PEP 519 for details.

pdb¶

The Pdb class constructor has a new optional readrc argument

to control whether .pdbrc files should be read.

pickle¶

Objects that need __new__ called with keyword arguments can now be pickled

using pickle protocols older than protocol version 4.

Protocol version 4 already supports this case. (Contributed by Serhiy

Storchaka in bpo-24164.)

pickletools¶

pickletools.dis() now outputs the implicit memo index for the

MEMOIZE opcode.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-25382.)

pydoc¶

The pydoc module has learned to respect the MANPAGER

environment variable.

(Contributed by Matthias Klose in bpo-8637.)

help() and pydoc can now list named tuple fields in the

order they were defined rather than alphabetically.

(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in bpo-24879.)

random¶

The new choices() function returns a list of elements of

specified size from the given population with optional weights.

(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in bpo-18844.)

re¶

Added support of modifier spans in regular expressions. Examples:

'(?i:p)ython' matches 'python' and 'Python', but not 'PYTHON';

'(?i)g(?-i:v)r' matches 'GvR' and 'gvr', but not 'GVR'.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-433028.)

Match object groups can be accessed by __getitem__, which is

equivalent to group(). So mo['name'] is now equivalent to

mo.group('name'). (Contributed by Eric Smith in bpo-24454.)

Match objects now support

index-likeobjects as group

indices.

(Contributed by Jeroen Demeyer and Xiang Zhang in bpo-27177.)

readline¶

Added set_auto_history() to enable or disable

automatic addition of input to the history list. (Contributed by

Tyler Crompton in bpo-26870.)

rlcompleter¶

Private and special attribute names now are omitted unless the prefix starts

with underscores. A space or a colon is added after some completed keywords.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-25011 and bpo-25209.)

shlex¶

The shlex has much

improved shell compatibility

through the new punctuation_chars argument to control which characters

are treated as punctuation.

(Contributed by Vinay Sajip in bpo-1521950.)

site¶

When specifying paths to add to sys.path in a .pth file,

you may now specify file paths on top of directories (e.g. zip files).

(Contributed by Wolfgang Langner in bpo-26587).

sqlite3¶

sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid now supports the REPLACE statement.

(Contributed by Alex LordThorsen in bpo-16864.)

socket¶

The ioctl() function now supports the

SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH control code.

(Contributed by Daniel Stokes in bpo-26536.)

The getsockopt() constants SO_DOMAIN,

SO_PROTOCOL, SO_PEERSEC, and SO_PASSSEC are now supported.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-26907.)

The setsockopt() now supports the

setsockopt(level,optname,None,optlen:int) form.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-27744.)

The socket module now supports the address family

AF_ALG to interface with Linux Kernel crypto API. ALG_*,

SOL_ALG and sendmsg_afalg() were added.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-27744 with support from

Victor Stinner.)

New Linux constants TCP_USER_TIMEOUT and TCP_CONGESTION were added.

(Contributed by Omar Sandoval, issue:26273).

socketserver¶

Servers based on the socketserver module, including those

defined in http.server, xmlrpc.server and

wsgiref.simple_server, now support the context manager

protocol.

(Contributed by Aviv Palivoda in bpo-26404.)

The wfile attribute of

StreamRequestHandler classes now implements

the io.BufferedIOBase writable interface. In particular,

calling write() is now guaranteed to send the

data in full. (Contributed by Martin Panter in bpo-26721.)

ssl¶

ssl supports OpenSSL 1.1.0. The minimum recommend version is 1.0.2.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-26470.)

3DES has been removed from the default cipher suites and ChaCha20 Poly1305

cipher suites have been added.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-27850 and bpo-27766.)

SSLContext has better default configuration for options

and ciphers.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-28043.)

SSL session can be copied from one client-side connection to another

with the new SSLSession class. TLS session resumption can

speed up the initial handshake, reduce latency and improve performance

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-19500 based on a draft by

Alex Warhawk.)

The new get_ciphers() method can be used to

get a list of enabled ciphers in order of cipher priority.

All constants and flags have been converted to IntEnum and

IntFlags.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-28025.)

Server and client-side specific TLS protocols for SSLContext

were added.

(Contributed by Christian Heimes in bpo-28085.)

statistics¶

A new harmonic_mean() function has been added.

(Contributed by Steven D'Aprano in bpo-27181.)

struct¶

struct now supports IEEE 754 half-precision floats via the 'e'

format specifier.

(Contributed by Eli Stevens, Mark Dickinson in bpo-11734.)

subprocess¶

subprocess.Popen destructor now emits a ResourceWarning warning

if the child process is still running. Use the context manager protocol (with

proc:...) or explicitly call the wait() method to

read the exit status of the child process. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in

bpo-26741.)

The subprocess.Popen constructor and all functions that pass arguments

through to it now accept encoding and errors arguments. Specifying either

of these will enable text mode for the stdin, stdout and stderr streams.

(Contributed by Steve Dower in bpo-6135.)

sys¶

The new getfilesystemencodeerrors() function returns the name of

the error mode used to convert between Unicode filenames and bytes filenames.

(Contributed by Steve Dower in bpo-27781.)

On Windows the return value of the getwindowsversion() function

now includes the platform_version field which contains the accurate major

version, minor version and build number of the current operating system,

rather than the version that is being emulated for the process

(Contributed by Steve Dower in bpo-27932.)

telnetlib¶

Telnet is now a context manager (contributed by

Stéphane Wirtel in bpo-25485).

time¶

The struct_time attributes tm_gmtoff and

tm_zone are now available on all platforms.

timeit¶

The new Timer.autorange() convenience

method has been added to call Timer.timeit()

repeatedly so that the total run time is greater or equal to 200 milliseconds.

(Contributed by Steven D'Aprano in bpo-6422.)

timeit now warns when there is substantial (4x) variance

between best and worst times.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-23552.)

tkinter¶

Added methods trace_add(),

trace_remove() and trace_info()

in the tkinter.Variable class. They replace old methods

trace_variable(), trace(),

trace_vdelete() and

trace_vinfo() that use obsolete Tcl commands and might

not work in future versions of Tcl.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-22115).

回溯¶

Both the traceback module and the interpreter's builtin exception display now

abbreviate long sequences of repeated lines in tracebacks as shown in the

following example:

>>> deff():f()
...
>>> f()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in f
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in f
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in f
  [Previous line repeated 995 more times]
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded

（由 Emanuel Barry在 bpo-26823 中贡献。）

tracemalloc¶

The tracemalloc module now supports tracing memory allocations in

multiple different address spaces.

The new DomainFilter filter class has been added

to filter block traces by their address space (domain).

（由 Victor Stinner 在 bpo-26588 中贡献。）

typing¶

Since the typing module is provisional,

all changes introduced in Python 3.6 have also been

backported to Python 3.5.x.

The typing module has a much improved support for generic type

aliases. For example Dict[str,Tuple[S,T]] is now a valid

type annotation.

(Contributed by Guido van Rossum in Github #195.)

The typing.ContextManager class has been added for

representing contextlib.AbstractContextManager.

(Contributed by Brett Cannon in bpo-25609.)

The typing.Collection class has been added for

representing collections.abc.Collection.

(Contributed by Ivan Levkivskyi in bpo-27598.)

The typing.ClassVar type construct has been added to

mark class variables. As introduced in PEP 526, a variable annotation

wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given attribute is intended to be used as

a class variable and should not be set on instances of that class.

(Contributed by Ivan Levkivskyi in Github #280.)

A new TYPE_CHECKING constant that is assumed to be

True by the static type checkers, but is False at runtime.

(Contributed by Guido van Rossum in Github #230.)

A new NewType() helper function has been added to create

lightweight distinct types for annotations:

fromtypingimportNewType
UserId=NewType('UserId',int)
some_id=UserId(524313)

The static type checker will treat the new type as if it were a subclass

of the original type. (Contributed by Ivan Levkivskyi in Github #189.)

unicodedata¶

The unicodedata module now uses data from Unicode 9.0.0.

(Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)

unittest.mock¶

The Mock class has the following improvements:

• Two new methods, Mock.assert_called() and Mock.assert_called_once() to check if the mock object

  was called.

  (Contributed by Amit Saha in bpo-26323.)

• The Mock.reset_mock() method

  now has two optional keyword only arguments: return_value and

  side_effect.

  (Contributed by Kushal Das in bpo-21271.)

urllib.request¶

If a HTTP request has a file or iterable body (other than a

bytes object) but no Content-Length header, rather than

throwing an error, AbstractHTTPHandler now

falls back to use chunked transfer encoding.

(Contributed by Demian Brecht and Rolf Krahl in bpo-12319.)

urllib.robotparser¶

RobotFileParser now supports the Crawl-delay and

Request-rate extensions.

(Contributed by Nikolay Bogoychev in bpo-16099.)

venv¶

venv accepts a new parameter --prompt. This parameter provides an

alternative prefix for the virtual environment. (Proposed by Łukasz Balcerzak

and ported to 3.6 by Stéphane Wirtel in bpo-22829.)

warnings¶

A new optional source parameter has been added to the

warnings.warn_explicit() function: the destroyed object which emitted a

ResourceWarning. A source attribute has also been added to

warnings.WarningMessage (contributed by Victor Stinner in

bpo-26568 and bpo-26567).

When a ResourceWarning warning is logged, the tracemalloc module is now

used to try to retrieve the traceback where the destroyed object was allocated.

Example with the script example.py:

importwarnings
deffunc():
returnopen(__file__)
f=func()
f=None

Output of the command python3.6-Wd-Xtracemalloc=5example.py:

example.py:7:ResourceWarning:unclosedfile<_io.TextIOWrappername='example.py'mode='r'encoding='UTF-8'>
f=None
Objectallocatedat(mostrecentcallfirst):
File"example.py",lineno4
returnopen(__file__)
File"example.py",lineno6
f=func()

The "Object allocated at" traceback is new and is only displayed if

tracemalloc is tracing Python memory allocations and if the

warnings module was already imported.

winreg¶

Added the 64-bit integer type REG_QWORD.

(Contributed by Clement Rouault in bpo-23026.)

winsound¶

Allowed keyword arguments to be passed to Beep,

MessageBeep, and PlaySound (bpo-27982).

xmlrpc.client¶

The xmlrpc.client module now supports unmarshalling

additional data types used by the Apache XML-RPC implementation

for numerics and None.

(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in bpo-26885.)

zipfile¶

A new ZipInfo.from_file() class method

allows making a ZipInfo instance from a filesystem file.

A new ZipInfo.is_dir() method can be used

to check if the ZipInfo instance represents a directory.

(Contributed by Thomas Kluyver in bpo-26039.)

The ZipFile.open() method can now be used to

write data into a ZIP file, as well as for extracting data.

(Contributed by Thomas Kluyver in bpo-26039.)

zlib¶

The compress() and decompress() functions now accept

keyword arguments.

(Contributed by Aviv Palivoda in bpo-26243 and

Xiang Zhang in bpo-16764 respectively.)