浅谈Node.js之异步流控制

Z时代
2024-01-10
分类：综合

前言

在没有深度使用函数回调的经验的时候，去看这些内容还是有一点吃力的。由于Node.js独特的异步特性，才出现了“回调地狱”的问题，这篇文章中，我比较详细的记录了如何解决异步流问题。

文章会很长，而且这篇是对异步流模式的解释。文中会使用一个简单的网络蜘蛛的例子，它的作用是抓取指定URL的网页内容并保存在项目中，在文章的最后，可以找到整篇文章中的源码demo。

1.原生JavaScript模式

本篇不针对初学者，因此会省略掉大部分的基础内容的讲解：

(spider_v1.js)


const request = require("request");
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = require("mkdirp");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
function spider(url, callback) {
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  console.log(`filename: ${filename}`);
  fs.exists(filename, exists => {
    if (!exists) {
      console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
      request(url, (err, response, body) => {
        if (err) {
          callback(err);
        } else {
          mkdirp(path.dirname(filename), err => {
            if (err) {
              callback(err);
            } else {
              fs.writeFile(filename, body, err => {
                if (err) {
                  callback(err);
                } else {
                  callback(null, filename, true);
                }
              });
            }
          });
        }
      });
    } else {
      callback(null, filename, false);
    }
  });
}
spider(process.argv[2], (err, filename, downloaded) => {
  if (err) {
    console.log(err);
  } else if (downloaded) {
    console.log(`Completed the download of ${filename}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`${filename} was already downloaded`);
  }
});

上边的代码的流程大概是这样的：

把url转换成filename

判断该文件名是否存在，若存在直接返回，否则进入下一步

发请求，获取body

把body写入到文件中

这是一个非常简单版本的蜘蛛，他只能抓取一个url的内容，看到上边的回调多么令人头疼。那么我们开始进行优化。

首先，if else 这种方式可以进行优化，这个很简单，不用多说，放一个对比效果：


/// before
if (err) {
  callback(err);
} else {
  callback(null, filename, true);
}
/// after
if (err) {
  return callback(err);
}
callback(null, filename, true);

代码这么写，嵌套就会少一层，但经验丰富的程序员会认为，这样写过重强调了error，我们编程的重点应该放在处理正确的数据上，在可读性上也存在这样的要求。

另一个优化是函数拆分，上边代码中的spider函数中，可以把下载文件和保存文件拆分出去。

(spider_v2.js)


const request = require("request");
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = require("mkdirp");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
function saveFile(filename, contents, callback) {
  mkdirp(path.dirname(filename), err => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    fs.writeFile(filename, contents, callback);
  });
}
function download(url, filename, callback) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  request(url, (err, response, body) => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    saveFile(filename, body, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      console.log(`Downloaded and saved: ${url}`);
      callback(null, body);
    });
  })
}
function spider(url, callback) {
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  console.log(`filename: ${filename}`);
  fs.exists(filename, exists => {
    if (exists) {
      return callback(null, filename, false);
    }
    download(url, filename, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      callback(null, filename, true);
    })
  });
}
spider(process.argv[2], (err, filename, downloaded) => {
  if (err) {
    console.log(err);
  } else if (downloaded) {
    console.log(`Completed the download of ${filename}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`${filename} was already downloaded`);
  }
});

上边的代码基本上是采用原生优化后的结果，但这个蜘蛛的功能太过简单，我们现在需要抓取某个网页中的所有url，这样才会引申出串行和并行的问题。

(spider_v3.js)


const request = require("request");
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = require("mkdirp");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
function saveFile(filename, contents, callback) {
  mkdirp(path.dirname(filename), err => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    fs.writeFile(filename, contents, callback);
  });
}
function download(url, filename, callback) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  request(url, (err, response, body) => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    saveFile(filename, body, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      console.log(`Downloaded and saved: ${url}`);
      callback(null, body);
    });
  })
}
/// 最大的启发是实现了如何异步循环遍历数组
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting, callback) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  function iterate(index) {
    if (index === links.length) {
      return callback();
    }
    spider(links[index], nesting - 1, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      iterate((index + 1));
    })
  }
  iterate(0);
}
function spider(url, nesting, callback) {
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  fs.readFile(filename, "utf8", (err, body) => {
    if (err) {
      if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
        return callback(err);
      }
      return download(url, filename, (err, body) => {
        if (err) {
          return callback(err);
        }
        spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
      });
    }
    spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
  });
}
spider(process.argv[2], 2, (err, filename, downloaded) => {
  if (err) {
    console.log(err);
  } else if (downloaded) {
    console.log(`Completed the download of ${filename}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`${filename} was already downloaded`);
  }
});

上边的代码相比之前的代码多了两个核心功能，首先是通过辅助类获取到了某个body中的links：


const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);

内部实现就不解释了，另一个核心代码就是：


/// 最大的启发是实现了如何异步循环遍历数组
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting, callback) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  function iterate(index) {
    if (index === links.length) {
      return callback();
    }
    spider(links[index], nesting - 1, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      iterate((index + 1));
    })
  }
  iterate(0);
}

可以说上边这一小段代码，就是采用原生实现异步串行的pattern了。除了这些之外，还引入了nesting的概念，通过这是这个属性，可以控制抓取层次。

到这里我们就完整的实现了串行的功能，考虑到性能，我们要开发并行抓取的功能。

(spider_v4.js)


const request = require("request");
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = require("mkdirp");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
function saveFile(filename, contents, callback) {
  mkdirp(path.dirname(filename), err => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    fs.writeFile(filename, contents, callback);
  });
}
function download(url, filename, callback) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  request(url, (err, response, body) => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    saveFile(filename, body, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      console.log(`Downloaded and saved: ${url}`);
      callback(null, body);
    });
  })
}
/// 最大的启发是实现了如何异步循环遍历数组
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting, callback) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  if (links.length === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  let completed = 0, hasErrors = false;
  function done(err) {
    if (err) {
      hasErrors = true;
      return callback(err);
    }
    if (++completed === links.length && !hasErrors) {
      return callback();
    }
  }
  links.forEach(link => {
    spider(link, nesting - 1, done);
  });
}
const spidering = new Map();
function spider(url, nesting, callback) {
  if (spidering.has(url)) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  spidering.set(url, true);
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  /// In this pattern, there will be some issues.
  /// Possible problems to download the same url again and again。
  fs.readFile(filename, "utf8", (err, body) => {
    if (err) {
      if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
        return callback(err);
      }
      return download(url, filename, (err, body) => {
        if (err) {
          return callback(err);
        }
        spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
      });
    }
    spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
  });
}
spider(process.argv[2], 2, (err, filename, downloaded) => {
  if (err) {
    console.log(err);
  } else if (downloaded) {
    console.log(`Completed the download of ${filename}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`${filename} was already downloaded`);
  }
});

这段代码同样很简单，也有两个核心内容。一个是如何实现并发：


/// 最大的启发是实现了如何异步循环遍历数组
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting, callback) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  if (links.length === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  let completed = 0, hasErrors = false;
  function done(err) {
    if (err) {
      hasErrors = true;
      return callback(err);
    }
    if (++completed === links.length && !hasErrors) {
      return callback();
    }
  }
  links.forEach(link => {
    spider(link, nesting - 1, done);
  });
}

上边的代码可以说是实现并发的一个pattern。利用循环遍历来实现。另一个核心是，既然是并发的，那么利用 fs.exists 就会存在问题，可能会重复下载同一文件，这里的解决方案是：

使用Map缓存某一url，url应该作为key

现在我们又有了新的需求，要求限制同时并发的最大数，那么在这里就引进了一个我认为最重要的概念：队列。

(task-Queue.js)


class TaskQueue {
  constructor(concurrency) {
    this.concurrency = concurrency;
    this.running = 0;
    this.queue = [];
  }
  pushTask(task) {
    this.queue.push(task);
    this.next();
  }
  next() {
    while (this.running < this.concurrency && this.queue.length) {
      const task = this.queue.shift();
      task(() => {
        this.running--;
        this.next();
      });
      this.running++;
    }
  }
}
module.exports = TaskQueue;

上边的代码就是队列的实现代码，核心是 next() 方法，可以看出，当task加入队列中后，会立刻执行，这不是说这个任务一定马上执行，而是指的是next会立刻调用。

(spider_v5.js)


const request = require("request");
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = require("mkdirp");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
const TaskQueue = require("./task-Queue");
const downloadQueue = new TaskQueue(2);
function saveFile(filename, contents, callback) {
  mkdirp(path.dirname(filename), err => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    fs.writeFile(filename, contents, callback);
  });
}
function download(url, filename, callback) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  request(url, (err, response, body) => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    saveFile(filename, body, err => {
      if (err) {
        return callback(err);
      }
      console.log(`Downloaded and saved: ${url}`);
      callback(null, body);
    });
  })
}
/// 最大的启发是实现了如何异步循环遍历数组
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting, callback) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  if (links.length === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  let completed = 0, hasErrors = false;
  links.forEach(link => {
    /// 给队列出传递一个任务，这个任务首先是一个函数，其次该函数接受一个参数
    /// 当调用任务时，触发该函数，然后给函数传递一个参数，告诉该函数在任务结束时干什么
    downloadQueue.pushTask(done => {
      spider(link, nesting - 1, err => {
        /// 这里表示，只要发生错误，队列就会退出
        if (err) {
          hasErrors = true;
          return callback(err);
        }
        if (++completed === links.length && !hasErrors) {
          callback();
        }
        done();
      });
    });
  });
}
const spidering = new Map();
function spider(url, nesting, callback) {
  if (spidering.has(url)) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  spidering.set(url, true);
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  /// In this pattern, there will be some issues.
  /// Possible problems to download the same url again and again。
  fs.readFile(filename, "utf8", (err, body) => {
    if (err) {
      if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
        return callback(err);
      }
      return download(url, filename, (err, body) => {
        if (err) {
          return callback(err);
        }
        spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
      });
    }
    spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
  });
}
spider(process.argv[2], 2, (err, filename, downloaded) => {
  if (err) {
    console.log(`error: ${err}`);
  } else if (downloaded) {
    console.log(`Completed the download of ${filename}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`${filename} was already downloaded`);
  }
});

因此，为了限制并发的个数，只需在 spiderLinks 方法中，把task遍历放入队列就可以了。这相对来说很简单。

到这里为止，我们使用原生JavaScript实现了一个有相对完整功能的网络蜘蛛，既能串行，也能并发，还可以控制并发个数。

2.使用async库

把不同的功能放到不同的函数中，会给我们带来巨大的好处，async库十分流行，它的性能也不错，它内部基于callback。

(spider_v6.js)


const request = require("request");
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = require("mkdirp");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
const series = require("async/series");
const eachSeries = require("async/eachSeries");
function download(url, filename, callback) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  let body;
  series([
    callback => {
      request(url, (err, response, resBody) => {
        if (err) {
          return callback(err);
        }
        body = resBody;
        callback();
      });
    },
    mkdirp.bind(null, path.dirname(filename)),
    callback => {
      fs.writeFile(filename, body, callback);
    }
  ], err => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    console.log(`Downloaded and saved: ${url}`);
    callback(null, body);
  });
}
/// 最大的启发是实现了如何异步循环遍历数组
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting, callback) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  if (links.length === 0) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  eachSeries(links, (link, cb) => {
    "use strict";
    spider(link, nesting - 1, cb);
  }, callback);
}
const spidering = new Map();
function spider(url, nesting, callback) {
  if (spidering.has(url)) {
    return process.nextTick(callback);
  }
  spidering.set(url, true);
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  fs.readFile(filename, "utf8", (err, body) => {
    if (err) {
      if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
        return callback(err);
      }
      return download(url, filename, (err, body) => {
        if (err) {
          return callback(err);
        }
        spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
      });
    }
    spiderLinks(url, body, nesting, callback);
  });
}
spider(process.argv[2], 1, (err, filename, downloaded) => {
  if (err) {
    console.log(err);
  } else if (downloaded) {
    console.log(`Completed the download of ${filename}`);
  } else {
    console.log(`${filename} was already downloaded`);
  }
});

在上边的代码中，我们只使用了async的三个功能：


const series = require("async/series"); // 串行
const eachSeries = require("async/eachSeries"); // 并行
const queue = require("async/queue"); // 队列

由于比较简单，就不做解释了。async中的队列的代码在(spider_v7.js)中，和上边我们自定义的队列很相似，也不做更多解释了。

3.Promise

Promise是一个协议，有很多库实现了这个协议，我们用的是ES6的实现。简单来说promise就是一个约定，如果完成了，就调用它的resolve方法，失败了就调用它的reject方法。它内有实现了then方法，then返回promise本身，这样就形成了调用链。

其实Promise的内容有很多，在实际应用中是如何把普通的函数promise化。这方面的内容在这里也不讲了，我自己也不够格

(spider_v8.js)


const utilities = require("./utilities");
const request = utilities.promisify(require("request"));
const fs = require("fs");
const readFile = utilities.promisify(fs.readFile);
const writeFile = utilities.promisify(fs.writeFile);
const mkdirp = utilities.promisify(require("mkdirp"));
const path = require("path");
function saveFile(filename, contents, callback) {
  mkdirp(path.dirname(filename), err => {
    if (err) {
      return callback(err);
    }
    fs.writeFile(filename, contents, callback);
  });
}
function download(url, filename) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  let body;
  return request(url)
    .then(response => {
      "use strict";
      body = response.body;
      return mkdirp(path.dirname(filename));
    })
    .then(() => writeFile(filename, body))
    .then(() => {
      "use strict";
      console.log(`Downloaded adn saved: ${url}`);
      return body;
    });
}
/// promise编程的本质就是为了解决在函数中设置回调函数的问题
/// 通过中间层promise来实现异步函数同步化
function spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting) {
  let promise = Promise.resolve();
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return promise;
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  links.forEach(link => {
    "use strict";
    promise = promise.then(() => spider(link, nesting - 1));
  });
  return promise;
}
function spider(url, nesting) {
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  return readFile(filename, "utf8")
    .then(
      body => spiderLinks(url, body, nesting),
      err => {
        "use strict";
        if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
          /// 抛出错误，这个方便与在整个异步链的最后通过呢catch来捕获这个链中的错误
          throw err;
        }
        return download(url, filename)
          .then(body => spiderLinks(url, body, nesting));
      }
    );
}
spider(process.argv[2], 1)
  .then(() => {
    "use strict";
    console.log('Download complete');
  })
  .catch(err => {
    "use strict";
    console.log(err);
  });

可以看到上边的代码中的函数都是没有callback的，只需要在最后catch就可以了。

在设计api的时候，应该支持两种方式，及支持callback，又支持promise


function asyncDivision(dividend, divisor, cb) {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    "use strict";
    process.nextTick(() => {
      const result = dividend / divisor;
      if (isNaN(result) || !Number.isFinite(result)) {
        const error = new Error("Invalid operands");
        if (cb) {
          cb(error);
        }
        return reject(error);
      }
      if (cb) {
        cb(null, result);
      }
      resolve(result);
    });
  });
}
asyncDivision(10, 2, (err, result) => {
  "use strict";
  if (err) {
    return console.log(err);
  }
  console.log(result);
});
asyncDivision(22, 11)
  .then((result) => console.log(result))
  .catch((err) => console.log(err));

4.Generator

Generator很有意思，他可以让暂停函数和恢复函数，利用thunkify和co这两个库，我们下边的代码实现起来非常酷。

(spider_v9.js)


const thunkify = require("thunkify");
const co = require("co");
const path = require("path");
const utilities = require("./utilities");
const request = thunkify(require("request"));
const fs = require("fs");
const mkdirp = thunkify(require("mkdirp"));
const readFile = thunkify(fs.readFile);
const writeFile = thunkify(fs.writeFile);
const nextTick = thunkify(process.nextTick);
function* download(url, filename) {
  console.log(`Downloading ${url}`);
  const response = yield request(url);
  console.log(response);
  const body = response[1];
  yield mkdirp(path.dirname(filename));
  yield writeFile(filename, body);
  console.log(`Downloaded and saved ${url}`);
  return body;
}
function* spider(url, nesting) {
  const filename = utilities.urlToFilename(url);
  let body;
  try {
    body = yield readFile(filename, "utf8");
  } catch (err) {
    if (err.code !== 'ENOENT') {
      throw err;
    }
    body = yield download(url, filename);
  }
  yield spiderLinks(url, body, nesting);
}
function* spiderLinks(currentUrl, body, nesting) {
  if (nesting === 0) {
    return nextTick();
  }
  const links = utilities.getPageLinks(currentUrl, body);
  for (let i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
    yield spider(links[i], nesting - 1);
  }
}
/// 通过co就自动处理了回调函数，直接返回了回调函数中的参数，把这些参数放到一个数组中，但是去掉了err信息
co(function* () {
  try {
    yield spider(process.argv[2], 1);
    console.log('Download complete');
  } catch (err) {
    console.log(err);
  }
});