详解ASP.NET Core Token认证

令牌认证(Token Authentication)已经成为单页应用(SPA)和移动应用事实上的标准。即使是传统的B/S应用也能利用其优点。优点很明白:极少的服务端数据管理、可扩展性、可以使用单独的认证服务器和应用服务器分离。

如果你对令牌(token)不是太了解,可以看这篇文章( overview of token authentication and JWTs)

令牌认证在asp.net core中集成。其中包括保护Bearer Jwt的路由功能,但是移除了生成token和验证token的部分,这些可以自定义或者使用第三方库来实现,得益于此,MVC和Web api项目可以使用令牌认证,而且很简单。下面将一步一步实现,代码可以在( 源码)下载。

ASP.NET Core令牌验证

首先,背景知识:认证令牌,例如JWTs,是通过http 认证头传递的,例如:

GET /foo

Authorization: Bearer [token]

令牌可以通过浏览器cookies。传递方式是header或者cookies取决于应用和实际情况,对于移动app,使用headers,对于web,推荐在html5 storage中使用cookies,来防止xss攻击。

asp.net core对jwts令牌的验证很简单,特别是你通过header传递。

1、生成 SecurityKey,这个例子,我生成对称密钥验证jwts通过HMAC-SHA256加密方式,在startup.cs中:

// secretKey contains a secret passphrase only your server knows

var secretKey = "mysupersecret_secretkey!123";

var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(secretKey));

验证 header中传递的JWTs

在 Startup.cs中,使用Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer中的UseJwtBearerAuthentication 方法获取受保护的api或者mvc路由有效的jwt。

var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters

{

// The signing key must match!

ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,

IssuerSigningKey = signingKey,

// Validate the JWT Issuer (iss) claim

ValidateIssuer = true,

ValidIssuer = "ExampleIssuer",

// Validate the JWT Audience (aud) claim

ValidateAudience = true,

ValidAudience = "ExampleAudience",

// Validate the token expiry

ValidateLifetime = true,

// If you want to allow a certain amount of clock drift, set that here:

ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero

};

app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication(new JwtBearerOptions

{

AutomaticAuthenticate = true,

AutomaticChallenge = true,

TokenValidationParameters = tokenValidationParameters

});

通过这个中间件,任何[Authorize]的请求都需要有效的jwt:

签名有效;

过期时间;

有效时间;

Issuer 声明等于“ExampleIssuer”

订阅者声明等于 “ExampleAudience”

如果不是合法的JWT,请求终止,issuer声明和订阅者声明不是必须的,它们用来标识应用和客户端。

在cookies中验证JWTs

ASP.NET Core中的cookies 认证不支持传递jwt。需要自定义实现 ISecureDataFormat接口的类。现在,你只是验证token,不是生成它们,只需要实现Unprotect方法,其他的交给System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.JwtSecurityTokenHandler这个类处理。

using System;

using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;

using System.Security.Claims;

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication;

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Authentication;

using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

namespace SimpleTokenProvider

{

public class CustomJwtDataFormat : ISecureDataFormat<AuthenticationTicket>

{

private readonly string algorithm;

private readonly TokenValidationParameters validationParameters;

public CustomJwtDataFormat(string algorithm, TokenValidationParameters validationParameters)

{

this.algorithm = algorithm;

this.validationParameters = validationParameters;

}

public AuthenticationTicket Unprotect(string protectedText)

=> Unprotect(protectedText, null);

public AuthenticationTicket Unprotect(string protectedText, string purpose)

{

var handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();

ClaimsPrincipal principal = null;

SecurityToken validToken = null;

try

{

principal = handler.ValidateToken(protectedText, this.validationParameters, out validToken);

var validJwt = validToken as JwtSecurityToken;

if (validJwt == null)

{

throw new ArgumentException("Invalid JWT");

}

if (!validJwt.Header.Alg.Equals(algorithm, StringComparison.Ordinal))

{

throw new ArgumentException($"Algorithm must be '{algorithm}'");

}

// Additional custom validation of JWT claims here (if any)

}

catch (SecurityTokenValidationException)

{

return null;

}

catch (ArgumentException)

{

return null;

}

// Validation passed. Return a valid AuthenticationTicket:

return new AuthenticationTicket(principal, new AuthenticationProperties(), "Cookie");

}

// This ISecureDataFormat implementation is decode-only

public string Protect(AuthenticationTicket data)

{

throw new NotImplementedException();

}

public string Protect(AuthenticationTicket data, string purpose)

{

throw new NotImplementedException();

}

}

}

在startup.cs中调用

var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters

{

// The signing key must match!

ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,

IssuerSigningKey = signingKey,

// Validate the JWT Issuer (iss) claim

ValidateIssuer = true,

ValidIssuer = "ExampleIssuer",

// Validate the JWT Audience (aud) claim

ValidateAudience = true,

ValidAudience = "ExampleAudience",

// Validate the token expiry

ValidateLifetime = true,

// If you want to allow a certain amount of clock drift, set that here:

ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero

};

app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions

{

AutomaticAuthenticate = true,

AutomaticChallenge = true,

AuthenticationScheme = "Cookie",

CookieName = "access_token",

TicketDataFormat = new CustomJwtDataFormat(

SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256,

tokenValidationParameters)

});

如果请求中包含名为access_token的cookie验证为合法的JWT,这个请求就能返回正确的结果,如果需要,你可以加上额外的jwt chaims,或者复制jwt chaims到ClaimsPrincipal在CustomJwtDataFormat.Unprotect方法中,上面是验证token,下面将在asp.net core中生成token。

ASP.NET Core生成Tokens

在asp.net 4.5中,这个UseOAuthAuthorizationServer中间件可以轻松的生成tokens,但是在asp.net core取消了,下面写一个简单的token生成中间件,最后,有几个现成解决方案的链接,供你选择。

简单的token生成节点

首先,生成 POCO保存中间件的选项. 生成类:TokenProviderOptions.cs

using System;

using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

namespace SimpleTokenProvider

{

public class TokenProviderOptions

{

public string Path { get; set; } = "/token";

public string Issuer { get; set; }

public string Audience { get; set; }

public TimeSpan Expiration { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5);

public SigningCredentials SigningCredentials { get; set; }

}

}

现在自己添加一个中间件,asp.net core 的中间件类一般是这样的:

using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;

using System.Security.Claims;

using System.Threading.Tasks;

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;

using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;

using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace SimpleTokenProvider

{

public class TokenProviderMiddleware

{

private readonly RequestDelegate _next;

private readonly TokenProviderOptions _options;

public TokenProviderMiddleware(

RequestDelegate next,

IOptions<TokenProviderOptions> options)

{

_next = next;

_options = options.Value;

}

public Task Invoke(HttpContext context)

{

// If the request path doesn't match, skip

if (!context.Request.Path.Equals(_options.Path, StringComparison.Ordinal))

{

return _next(context);

}

// Request must be POST with Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

if (!context.Request.Method.Equals("POST")

|| !context.Request.HasFormContentType)

{

context.Response.StatusCode = 400;

return context.Response.WriteAsync("Bad request.");

}

return GenerateToken(context);

}

}

}

这个中间件类接受TokenProviderOptions作为参数,当有请求且请求路径是设置的路径(token或者api/token),Invoke方法执行,token节点只对 POST请求而且包括form-urlencoded内容类型(Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded),因此调用之前需要检查下内容类型。

最重要的是GenerateToken,这个方法需要验证用户的身份,生成jwt,传回jwt:

private async Task GenerateToken(HttpContext context)

{

var username = context.Request.Form["username"];

var password = context.Request.Form["password"];

var identity = await GetIdentity(username, password);

if (identity == null)

{

context.Response.StatusCode = 400;

await context.Response.WriteAsync("Invalid username or password.");

return;

}

var now = DateTime.UtcNow;

// Specifically add the jti (random nonce), iat (issued timestamp), and sub (subject/user) claims.

// You can add other claims here, if you want:

var claims = new Claim[]

{

new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Sub, username),

new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti, Guid.NewGuid().ToString()),

new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Iat, ToUnixEpochDate(now).ToString(), ClaimValueTypes.Integer64)

};

// Create the JWT and write it to a string

var jwt = new JwtSecurityToken(

issuer: _options.Issuer,

audience: _options.Audience,

claims: claims,

notBefore: now,

expires: now.Add(_options.Expiration),

signingCredentials: _options.SigningCredentials);

var encodedJwt = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwt);

var response = new

{

access_token = encodedJwt,

expires_in = (int)_options.Expiration.TotalSeconds

};

// Serialize and return the response

context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";

await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(response, new JsonSerializerSettings { Formatting = Formatting.Indented }));

}

大部分代码都很官方,JwtSecurityToken 类生成jwt,JwtSecurityTokenHandler将jwt编码,你可以在claims中添加任何chaims。验证用户身份只是简单的验证,实际情况肯定不是这样的,你可以集成 identity framework或者其他的,对于这个实例只是简单的硬编码:

private Task<ClaimsIdentity> GetIdentity(string username, string password)

{

// DON'T do this in production, obviously!

if (username == "TEST" && password == "TEST123")

{

return Task.FromResult(new ClaimsIdentity(new System.Security.Principal.GenericIdentity(username, "Token"), new Claim[] { }));

}

// Credentials are invalid, or account doesn't exist

return Task.FromResult<ClaimsIdentity>(null);

}

添加一个将DateTime生成timestamp的方法:

public static long ToUnixEpochDate(DateTime date)

=> (long)Math.Round((date.ToUniversalTime() - new DateTimeOffset(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero)).TotalSeconds);

现在,你可以将这个中间件添加到startup.cs中了:

using System.Text;

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;

using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;

using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;

using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

namespace SimpleTokenProvider

{

public partial class Startup

{

public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)

{

var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()

.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true);

Configuration = builder.Build();

}

public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; set; }

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)

{

services.AddMvc();

}

// The secret key every token will be signed with.

// In production, you should store this securely in environment variables

// or a key management tool. Don't hardcode this into your application!

private static readonly string secretKey = "mysupersecret_secretkey!123";

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)

{

loggerFactory.AddConsole(LogLevel.Debug);

loggerFactory.AddDebug();

app.UseStaticFiles();

// Add JWT generation endpoint:

var signingKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(secretKey));

var options = new TokenProviderOptions

{

Audience = "ExampleAudience",

Issuer = "ExampleIssuer",

SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials(signingKey, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256),

};

app.UseMiddleware<TokenProviderMiddleware>(Options.Create(options));

app.UseMvc();

}

}

}

测试一下,推荐使用chrome 的postman:

POST /token

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

username=TEST&password=TEST123

结果:

OK

Content-Type: application/json

 

{

  "access_token": "eyJhb...",

  "expires_in": 300

}

你可以使用jwt工具查看生成的jwt内容。如果开发的是移动应用或者单页应用,你可以在后续请求的header中存储jwt,如果你需要在cookies中存储的话,你需要对代码修改一下,需要将返回的jwt字符串添加到cookie中。

测试下:

其他方案

下面是比较成熟的项目,可以在实际项目中使用:

  • AspNet.Security.OpenIdConnect.Server – ASP.NET 4.x的验证中间件。
  • OpenIddict – 在identity上添加OpenId验证。
  • IdentityServer4 – .NET Core认证中间件(现在测试版本)。

下面的文章可以让你更加的了解认证:

  • Overview of Token Authentication Features
  • How Token Authentication Works in Stormpath
  • Use JWTs the Right Way!

以上是 详解ASP.NET Core Token认证 的全部内容, 来源链接: utcz.com/z/329771.html

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