C++ 双链表的基本操作(详解)

1.概念

双向链表也叫双链表,是链表的一种,它的每个数据结点中都有两个指针,分别指向直接后继和直接前驱。所以,从双向链表中的任意一个结点开始,都可以很方便地访问它的前驱结点和后继结点。一般我们都构造双向循环链表。

结构图如下所示:

  

  

2.基本操作实例

DoubleList.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"

#include "DoubleList.h"

#include <stdio.h>

#include <malloc.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

DoubleList::DoubleList()

{

pDoubleListNode pDouList = NULL;

// 创建双链表

CreateDouList(pDouList);

PrintDouList(pDouList);

// 打印逆序链表

PrintDouReverseList(pDouList);

// 节点后插入节点

InsertNodeAfter(pDouList);

PrintDouList(pDouList);

// 节点前插入节点

InsertNodeBefore(pDouList);

PrintDouList(pDouList);

// 删除节点

DeleteNode(pDouList);

PrintDouList(pDouList);

// 删除链表

DeleteDouList(pDouList);

PrintDouList(pDouList);

system("PAUSE");

}

DoubleList::~DoubleList()

{

}

//创建双向链表

void DoubleList::CreateDouList(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

char x; // 定义成char型是用于输入'q'时可以退出,其实定义成int也能退出

pDoubleListNode p, s;

head = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

head->next = NULL;

head->prior = NULL; // 构造头结点p

p = head;

printf("\n输入双向链表的元素,每输入一个元素后按回车,输入q表示结束.\n");

fflush(stdin); //清空输入缓冲区

x = getchar();

while (x != 'q')

{

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = x - '0'; // 得到的是输入字符的ASCII码,减去30H就变成想要的数字

s->next = NULL;

s->prior = p;

p->next = s;

p = s;

fflush(stdin);

x = getchar();

}

if (x == 'q')

{

printf("双向链表构造完毕!\n");

}

}

//打印双向链表

void DoubleList::PrintDouList(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

pDoubleListNode p;

printf("\n打印出双向链表数据为:\n");

if (!IsDouListEmpty(head))

{

p = head->next;

while (p)

{

printf("%d\n", p->data);

p = p->next;

}

}

}

//逆序打印双向链表

void DoubleList::PrintDouReverseList(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

pDoubleListNode p;

printf("\n打印出逆序双向链表数据为:\n");

if (!IsDouListEmpty(head))

{

p = head->next;

while (p->next)

{

p = p->next;

}

while (p->prior)

{

printf("%d \n", p->data);

p = p->prior;

}

}

}

//求链表长度

int DoubleList::GetDouListLength(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

int length = 0;

if (head == NULL)

{

printf("链表不存在,请先初始化!\n");

}

else

{

pDoubleListNode p = head->next;

while (p)

{

length++;

p = p->next;

}

}

return length;

}

//判断链表是否为空

bool DoubleList::IsDouListEmpty(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

if (head == NULL)

{

printf("链表不存在,请先初始化!\n");

return true;

}

else if (head->next == NULL)

{

printf("链表为空!\n");

return true;

}

return false;

}

//把双向链表置空

void DoubleList::ClearDouList(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

if (head == NULL)

{

printf("链表不存在,请先初始化!\n");

}

else

{

pDoubleListNode p, q;

p = q = head->next; //是p、q指向第一个元素

head->next = NULL;

while (p) //逐个释放元素所占内存

{

p = p->next;

free(q);

q = p;

}

}

}

// 删除双向链表

void DoubleList::DeleteDouList(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

printf("\n删除双向链表\n");

ClearDouList(head);

free(head);

head = NULL;

}

// 在双向链表中第i个位置后面插入元素

void DoubleList::InsertNodeAfter(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

int data, pos;

pDoubleListNode p, s;

p = head;

int i = 0;

printf("\n在双向链表中第i个位置后面插入元素\n");

printf("请输入要插入的元素和位置:\n");

scanf_s("%d%d", &data, &pos, 100);

if (head == NULL)

{

printf("链表不存在,请先初始化!\n");

}

else if (head->next == NULL)

{

printf("链表为空,插入第一个元素!\n");

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = data;

s->prior = NULL;

s->next = NULL;

head->next = s; // 将新结点插入head后

}

else if (pos<1 || pos>GetDouListLength(head) + 1)

{

printf("插入位置错误!\n");

}

else

{

while (i < pos)

{

p = p->next;

i++;

}

if (i == GetDouListLength(head)) //如果在最后一个元素后面插入data

{

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = data;

s->next = NULL;

s->prior = p;

p->next = s;

}

else

{

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = data;

s->next = p->next;

p->next->prior = s;

p->next = s;

s->prior = p;

}

}

}

// 在双向链表中第i个位置前面插入元素

void DoubleList::InsertNodeBefore(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

int data, pos;

pDoubleListNode p, s;

p = head;

int i = 0;

printf("\n在双向链表中第i个位置前面插入元素\n");

printf("请输入要插入的元素和位置:\n");

scanf_s("%d%d", &data, &pos, 100);

if (head == NULL)

{

printf("链表不存在,请先初始化!\n");

}

else if (head->next == NULL)

{

printf("链表为空,插入第一个元素!\n");

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = data;

s->prior = NULL;

s->next = NULL;

head->next = s; // 将新结点插入head后

}

else if (pos<1 || pos>GetDouListLength(head) + 1)

{

printf("插入位置错误!\n");

}

else

{

while (i < pos)

{

p = p->next;

i++;

}

if (i == 1) // 如果在第一个元素前面插入data

{

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = data;

head->next = s; // 将新结点插入head后

s->prior = head; // 新结点的前结点指向头结点

s->next = p; // 新结点的后结点指向原head的后结点

p->prior = s ; // 原第一个结点的前结点指向新结点

}

else

{

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));

s->data = data;

s->prior = p->prior;

s->next = p;

p->prior->next = s;

p->prior = s;

}

}

}

//删除双向链表中的第i个元素

void DoubleList::DeleteNode(pDoubleListNode &head)

{

int pos;

int i = 0;

pDoubleListNode p = head;

printf("\n在双向链表中删除第i个位置的元素\n");

printf("请输入要删除的位置:");

scanf_s("%d", &pos, 100);

if (IsDouListEmpty(head))

{

return;

}

else if (pos<1 || pos>GetDouListLength(head))

{

printf("删除的位置不存在!\n");

}

else

{

while (i < pos)

{

p = p->next;

i++;

}

if (i == GetDouListLength(head))

{

p->prior->next = NULL;

free(p);

}

else

{

p->prior->next = p->next;

p->next->prior = p->prior;

free(p);

}

}

}

DoubleList.h

#pragma once

typedef struct DoubleListNode

{

int data; //数据

struct DoubleListNode *prior; //前驱

struct DoubleListNode *next; //后继

}DoubleListNode, *pDoubleListNode;

class DoubleList

{

public:

DoubleList();

~DoubleList();

//初始化双向链表

void DoubleList::CreateDouList(pDoubleListNode &head);

//打印双向链表

void DoubleList::PrintDouList(pDoubleListNode &head);

//逆序打印双向链表

void DoubleList::PrintDouReverseList(pDoubleListNode &head);

//求链表长度

int DoubleList::GetDouListLength(pDoubleListNode &head);

//判断链表是否为空

bool DoubleList::IsDouListEmpty(pDoubleListNode &head);

//把双向链表置空

void DoubleList::ClearDouList(pDoubleListNode &head);

//删除双向链表

void DoubleList::DeleteDouList(pDoubleListNode &head);

//在双向链表中第i个位置后面插入元素m

void DoubleList::InsertNodeAfter(pDoubleListNode &head);

// 在双向链表中第i个位置前面插入元素

void DoubleList::InsertNodeBefore(pDoubleListNode &head);

//删除双向链表中的第i个元素

void DoubleList::DeleteNode(pDoubleListNode &head);

};

3.对链表插入节点的理解

例如在节点i前插入一个新的节点(即上面代码中的InsertNodeBefore函数):

链表结构体为:

typedef struct DoubleListNode

{

int data; // 数据

struct DoubleListNode *prior; // 前驱

struct DoubleListNode *next; // 后继

}DoubleListNode, *pDoubleListNode;

假设该链表由五个节点构成,分别为A,B,C,D,E

  

图中假设了A,B,C,D,E的地址分别为:addressA,addressB,addressC,addressD,addressE。

下面将分析链表的前插的例子:

双链表的前插,下面这是在节点"D"前插入一个新的节点"S"的代码和分析

s = (pDoubleListNode)malloc(sizeof(DoubleListNode));  // 申请一段内存空间,指针指向首地址为addressS

s->data = data;     // 给节点S的数据赋值data

s->prior = p->prior;  // p指向D节点, p->prior表示addressC,将它赋给s->prior,则s->prior里面的值是addressC,从而指向addressC这个地址即节点C,如下图S节点的蓝线

s->next = p;      // p是addressD,将它赋给s->next,s->next中的值为addressD,也即s->next指向了D,如下图S节点的红线

p->prior->next = s;  // p->prior 是addressC,即节点C,所以p->prior->next相当于没插入S之前的addressD,插入S后,将S的首地址即addressS赋给这个位置,所以此时,由CD的红线断裂,这个红线目标变成了S,如下图C节点的红线

p->prior = s;     // 同理,p->prior也指向了S,即p->prior中addressC变成了addressS, D指向C的蓝线断裂。变成如下图D节点指向S节点的蓝线.

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