如何找出几何中位数

问题是:

给定具有x和y坐标的N个点(在2D中),找到一个点P(在N个给定点中),以使从其他(N-1)个点到P的距离之和最小。

这一点通常称为“

几何中值”。除了幼稚的算法以外,是否有任何有效的算法可以解决此问题O(N^2)

回答:

我曾经使用模拟退火为本地在线法官解决了类似问题。那也是官方的解决方案,程序获得了AC。

唯一的区别是,我必须找到的点不必一定是N给定点的一部分。

这是我的C ++代码,N可能和一样大50000。该程序在0.1s2GHz的奔腾4上执行。

// header files for IO functions and math

#include <cstdio>

#include <cmath>

// the maximul value n can take

const int maxn = 50001;

// given a point (x, y) on a grid, we can find its left/right/up/down neighbors

// by using these constants: (x + dx[0], y + dy[0]) = upper neighbor etc.

const int dx[] = {-1, 0, 1, 0};

const int dy[] = {0, 1, 0, -1};

// controls the precision - this should give you an answer accurate to 3 decimals

const double eps = 0.001;

// input and output files

FILE *in = fopen("adapost2.in","r"), *out = fopen("adapost2.out","w");

// stores a point in 2d space

struct punct

{

double x, y;

};

// how many points are in the input file

int n;

// stores the points in the input file

punct a[maxn];

// stores the answer to the question

double x, y;

// finds the sum of (euclidean) distances from each input point to (x, y)

double dist(double x, double y)

{

double ret = 0;

for ( int i = 1; i <= n; ++i )

{

double dx = a[i].x - x;

double dy = a[i].y - y;

ret += sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy); // classical distance formula

}

return ret;

}

// reads the input

void read()

{

fscanf(in, "%d", &n); // read n from the first

// read n points next, one on each line

for ( int i = 1; i <= n; ++i )

fscanf(in, "%lf %lf", &a[i].x, &a[i].y), // reads a point

x += a[i].x,

y += a[i].y; // we add the x and y at first, because we will start by approximating the answer as the center of gravity

// divide by the number of points (n) to get the center of gravity

x /= n;

y /= n;

}

// implements the solving algorithm

void go()

{

// start by finding the sum of distances to the center of gravity

double d = dist(x, y);

// our step value, chosen by experimentation

double step = 100.0;

// done is used to keep track of updates: if none of the neighbors of the current

// point that are *step* steps away improve the solution, then *step* is too big

// and we need to look closer to the current point, so we must half *step*.

int done = 0;

// while we still need a more precise answer

while ( step > eps )

{

done = 0;

for ( int i = 0; i < 4; ++i )

{

// check the neighbors in all 4 directions.

double nx = (double)x + step*dx[i];

double ny = (double)y + step*dy[i];

// find the sum of distances to each neighbor

double t = dist(nx, ny);

// if a neighbor offers a better sum of distances

if ( t < d )

{

update the current minimum

d = t;

x = nx;

y = ny;

// an improvement has been made, so

// don't half step in the next iteration, because we might need

// to jump the same amount again

done = 1;

break;

}

}

// half the step size, because no update has been made, so we might have

// jumped too much, and now we need to head back some.

if ( !done )

step /= 2;

}

}

int main()

{

read();

go();

// print the answer with 4 decimal points

fprintf(out, "%.4lf %.4lf\n", x, y);

return 0;

}

然后,我认为从您的列表中选择最接近(x, y)此算法返回值的列表是正确的。

该算法利用了维基百科上有关几何中位数的内容:

但是,使用迭代过程来计算几何中值的近似值很简单,在该过程中,每个步骤都会产生更精确的近似值。这种类型的过程可以从以下事实得出:到采样点的距离之和是凸函数,因为到每个采样点的距离是凸的而凸函数之和保持凸。因此,减少每一步距离之和的过程不能陷入局部最优状态。

在Endre Weiszfeld

[4]的工作之后,这种类型的常见方法称为Weiszfeld算法[4],是迭代地重新加权最小二乘的一种形式。该算法定义了一组权重,这些权重与从当前估计值到样本的距离成反比,并根据这些权重创建一个新的估计值,即样本的加权平均值。那是,

上面的第一段说明了它的工作原理:由于我们要优化的函数没有任何局部最小值,因此您可以通过迭代地改进它来贪婪地找到最小值。

将此视为一种二进制搜索。首先,您估算结果。重心是一个很好的近似值,我的代码在读取输入时会计算重心。然后,您可以查看与此相邻的点是否为您提供更好的解决方案。在这种情况下,如果某点距step您当前点的距离为零,则该点被视为相邻点。如果更好,那么最好放弃当前点,因为正如我所说,由于您要最小化的函数的性质,这不会使您陷入局部最小值。

此后,将步长减小一半,就像在二进制搜索中一样,并继续进行操作,直到获得您认为足够好的近似值(由eps常数控制)为止。

因此,算法的复杂度取决于您希望结果的准确性。

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