详解MySQL拼接函数CONCAT的使用心得
前几篇文章给大家介绍了MySQL中的替换函数(Replace)、切分函数(SubString),今天我们一起来看看MySQL专业拼接“字符串”的函数:concat。老规矩,有好的建议和想法,记得写到评论中,等我上班摸鱼时,跟大家一起吃瓜~
一、concat函数相关的几种用法
1-1、函数:concat(str1,str2,…)
concat 函数一般用在SELECT 查询语法中,用于修改返回字段内容,例如有张LOL英雄信息表如下
mysql> select * from `LOL`;
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
| id | hero_title | hero_name | price |
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
| 1 | D刀锋之影 | 泰隆 | 6300 |
| 2 | X迅捷斥候 | 提莫 | 6300 |
| 3 | G光辉女郎 | 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| 4 | F发条魔灵 | 奥莉安娜 | 6300 |
| 5 | Z至高之拳 | 李青 | 6300 |
| 6 | W无极剑圣 | 易 | 450 |
| 7 | J疾风剑豪 | 亚索 | 450 |
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我需要返回一列:英雄称号 - 英雄名称 的数据,这是就用到了concat函数,如下:
SELECT CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
+------------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+------------------------------+-------+
| D刀锋之影 - 泰隆 | 6300 |
| X迅捷斥候 - 提莫 | 6300 |
| G光辉女郎 - 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| F发条魔灵 - 奥莉安娜 | 6300 |
| Z至高之拳 - 李青 | 6300 |
| W无极剑圣 - 易 | 450 |
| J疾风剑豪 - 亚索 | 450 |
+------------------------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果拼接的参数中有NULL,则返回NULL;如下:
SELECT CONCAT(hero_title,NULL,hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(hero_title,'NULL',hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
+-------------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+-------------------------------+-------+
| D刀锋之影NULL泰隆 | 6300 |
| X迅捷斥候NULL提莫 | 6300 |
| G光辉女郎NULL拉克丝 | 1350 |
| F发条魔灵NULL奥莉安娜 | 6300 |
| Z至高之拳NULL李青 | 6300 |
| W无极剑圣NULL易 | 450 |
| J疾风剑豪NULL亚索 | 450 |
+-------------------------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
不好意思,上面是我弟弟写的,正确的如下:
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(hero_title,NULL,hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
+-----------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+-----------+-------+
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 1350 |
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 450 |
| NULL | 450 |
+-----------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1-2、函数:concat_ws(separator,str1,str2,…)
CONCAT_WS() 函数全称: CONCAT With Separator ,是CONCAT()的特殊形式。第一个参数(separator)是其它参数的分隔符。分隔符的位置在要连接的两个字符串之间。分隔符可以是一个字符串,也可以是其它字段参数。
需要注意的是:
如果分隔符为 NULL,则结果为 NULL;但如果分隔符后面的参数为NULL,只会被直接忽略掉,而不会导致结果为NULL。
好了,我们依旧用上面的LOL表,连接各字段,以逗号分隔:
select concat_ws(',',hero_title,hero_name,price) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
mysql> select concat_ws(',',hero_title,hero_name,price) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
+---------------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+---------------------------------+-------+
| D刀锋之影,泰隆,6300 | 6300 |
| X迅捷斥候,提莫,6300 | 6300 |
| G光辉女郎,拉克丝,1350 | 1350 |
| F发条魔灵,奥莉安娜,6300 | 6300 |
| Z至高之拳,李青,6300 | 6300 |
| W无极剑圣,易,450 | 450 |
| J疾风剑豪,亚索,450 | 450 |
+---------------------------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
分隔符后的拼接参数为NULL时,直接忽略,不会影响整体结果,如下:
select concat_ws(',',hero_title,NULL,hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
mysql> select concat_ws(',',hero_title,NULL,hero_name) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
+----------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+----------------------------+-------+
| D刀锋之影,泰隆 | 6300 |
| X迅捷斥候,提莫 | 6300 |
| G光辉女郎,拉克丝 | 1350 |
| F发条魔灵,奥莉安娜 | 6300 |
| Z至高之拳,李青 | 6300 |
| W无极剑圣,易 | 450 |
| J疾风剑豪,亚索 | 450 |
+----------------------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
分隔符为NULL时,结果返回NULL,如下:
select concat_ws(NULL,hero_title,hero_name,price) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
mysql> select concat_ws(NULL,hero_title,hero_name,price) as full_name, price from `LOL`;
+-----------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+-----------+-------+
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 1350 |
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 6300 |
| NULL | 450 |
| NULL | 450 |
+-----------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1-3、函数:group_concat(expr)
group_concat ( [DISTINCT] 字段名 [order by 排序字段 ASC/DESC] [Separator ‘分隔符'] )
group_concat函数通常用于有group by的查询语句,group_concat一般包含在查询返回结果字段中。
是不是group_concat函数的公式看着还挺复杂的?我们一起看看,上方公式中 [] 括号是可选项,表示可用可不用;
- 1.
[DISTINCT]
:对拼接的参数支持去重功能; - 2.
[Order by]
:拼接的参数支持排序功能; - 3.
[Separator]
:这个你很熟悉了,支持自定义'分隔符',如不设置默认为无分隔符;
好了,下面让我们来进入开心的测试环节吧~ 还是用这张LOL表,别问为什么。或许这就是青春吧!还记的那年通宵五排,大龙团的时候网吧停电了…
又跑题了。。不好意思。
mysql> select * from `LOL`;
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
| id | hero_title | hero_name | price |
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
| 1 | D刀锋之影 | 泰隆 | 6300 |
| 2 | X迅捷斥候 | 提莫 | 6300 |
| 3 | G光辉女郎 | 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| 4 | F发条魔灵 | 奥莉安娜 | 6300 |
| 5 | Z至高之拳 | 李青 | 6300 |
| 6 | W无极剑圣 | 易 | 450 |
| 7 | J疾风剑豪 | 亚索 | 450 |
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
举个场景,我们要区分出各个价格段的英雄来,如果不用group_concat的话,或许只能用order by区分了。
select * from `LOL` order by price desc;
mysql> select * from `LOL` order by price desc;
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
| id | hero_title | hero_name | price |
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
| 1 | D刀锋之影 | 泰隆 | 6300 |
| 2 | X迅捷斥候 | 提莫 | 6300 |
| 4 | F发条魔灵 | 奥莉安娜 | 6300 |
| 5 | Z至高之拳 | 李青 | 6300 |
| 3 | G光辉女郎 | 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| 6 | W无极剑圣 | 易 | 450 |
| 7 | J疾风剑豪 | 亚索 | 450 |
+----+---------------+--------------+-------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
但是这样很不直观啊,我想一行都看到,怎么办?
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name Separator ',' ) as full_name, price
from `LOL` GROUP BY price ORDER BY price desc;
这时GROUP_CONCAT函数就轻松的帮你解决了这个问题。看,舒服不~
注释:这里我是拼接了(hero_title,' - ‘,hero_name)这三个参数,分隔符设为:',',根据价格来分组,根据价格来排的序。效果如下
mysql> SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name Separator ',' ) as full_name, price from `LOL` GROUP BY price ORDER BY price desc;
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| D刀锋之影 - 泰隆,X迅捷斥候 - 提莫,F发条魔灵 - 奥莉安娜,Z至高之拳 - 李青 | 6300 |
| G光辉女郎 - 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| W无极剑圣 - 易,J疾风剑豪 - 亚索 | 450 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果按价格(price)从小到大排序,只需控制外层ORDER BY即可,如下:
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name Separator ',' ) as full_name, price
from `LOL` GROUP BY price ORDER BY price asc;
mysql> SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name Separator ',' ) as full_name, price from `LOL` GROUP BY price ORDER BY price asc;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| W无极剑圣 - 易,J疾风剑豪 - 亚索 | 450 |
| G光辉女郎 - 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| D刀锋之影 - 泰隆,X迅捷斥候 - 提莫,F发条魔灵 - 奥莉安娜,Z至高之拳 - 李青 | 6300 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
那么GROUP_CONCAT函数中的order by 排序怎么用?是用在了拼接字段的排序上,如根据hero_title进行排序拼接,如下:
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name order by hero_title Separator ',' ) as full_name, price from `LOL` GROUP BY price ORDER BY price asc;
mysql> SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(hero_title,' - ',hero_name order by hero_title Separator ',' ) as full_name, price from `LOL` GROUP BY price ORDER BY price asc;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| full_name | price |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| J疾风剑豪 - 亚索,W无极剑圣 - 易 | 450 |
| G光辉女郎 - 拉克丝 | 1350 |
| D刀锋之影 - 泰隆,F发条魔灵 - 奥莉安娜,X迅捷斥候 - 提莫,Z至高之拳 - 李青 | 6300 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
好了,可以看出,MySQL中的concat拼接函数还是很好用的,希望你在有类似的需求或困惑时,想到它!或者能找到这篇博客,帮到你!
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