Linux命令入门篇(一)

最近都在学习Linux命令,渐渐觉得命令行模式是那么的简洁明了,短小精悍,并且功能强大。本文用来记录学习的过程,仅供学习分享使用,如有不足之处,还请指正。

Linux的目录结构

在Linux命令模式下,输入ls / 或者 先切换到根目录下,在使用ls命令。 即可查询Linux操作系统的目录结构,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# ls /

2bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var

3boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr

4 [root@bogon ~]# cd /

5 [root@bogon /]# ls

6bin dev home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var

7 boot etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr

树状目录结构如下所示:

Linux命令入门篇(一)

关于各个目录的说明,可参考菜鸟笔记。

Linux账号相关命令

通过useradd新增账号 和通过passwd设置密码,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# useradd heabc

2 [root@bogon ~]# passwd heabc

3 Changing password for user heabc.

4New password:

5 BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 7 characters

6Retype new password:

7 passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

通过userdel删除密码,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# userdel heabc

2 userdel: user heabc is currently used by process 2477

以上提示表示用户被进程占用,不可以删除,需要关闭进程,才可以删除成功。

通过su命令切换账号,切换账号时,如果不加短横线,表示不切换环境变量;加短横线,则切换变量。如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# su - heabc

2 [heabc@bogon ~]$ ls

3 [heabc@bogon ~]$ who

4 root pts/0 2020-11-29 22:17 (192.168.127.1)

5 [heabc@bogon ~]$ su - root

6Password:

7 Last login: Sun Nov 29 22:54:26 CST 2020 on pts/0

通过who命令,查询当前登录的账号,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon /]# who

2 root pts/0 2020-11-30 22:42 (192.168.127.1)

3 admin :0 2020-11-30 22:58 (:0)

通过uptime查询系统运行的时间,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon /]# uptime

2 23:01:02 up 19 min, 2 users, load average: 0.14, 0.24, 0.13

同过shutdown -h now 进行关机命令,通过shutdown -r now进行重启命令操作,如下所示:

 Linux命令入门篇(一)

 

 Linux进程查询命令

通过ps命令查询系统后台运行的进程。如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# ps -aux

2 USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND

3 root 1 0.0 0.7 128268 6972 ? Ss 22:15 0:01 /usr/lib/syste

4 root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 22:15 0:00 [kthreadd]

5 root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S< 22:15 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]

6 root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 22:15 0:00 [kworker/u256:

7 root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 22:15 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]

Linux目录相关命令

通过cd命令,切换目录,可以就相对路径,也可以就绝对路径,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon admin]# cd ../hexx

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 dir1 dir2 dir2_2 dir3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

通过pwd命令,显示当前所在的目录,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# pwd

2 /root

通过ls命令显示当前目录的内容,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# cd /home

2 [root@bogon home]# ls

3admin hexx

4 [root@bogon home]# cd /root

5 [root@bogon ~]# ls

6 anaconda-ks.cfg initial-setup-ks.cfg

通过ls -a 显示目录下所有的内容,包括隐藏内容,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# ls -a

2. .bash_history .bashrc .cshrc .local

3.. .bash_logout .cache .dbus .tcshrc

4 anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_profile .config initial-setup-ks.cfg

通过touch命令创建文件,默认在当前目录下创建,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# touch file1 file2 file3

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 file1 file2 file3

也可以指定路径下创建文件,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon home]# touch  hexx/file4

2 [root@bogon home]# cd hexx

3 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

4 file1 file2 file3 file4

通过cat命令,查看文件内容,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon etc]# cat host.conf

2multi on

3 [root@bogon etc]# cat passwd

4 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

5 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

6 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

7 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

8 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

9 ......

 通过head命令,查看文件内容前几行,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon etc]# head passwd

2 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

3 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

4 daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

5 adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

6 lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

7 sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

8 shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

9 halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

10 mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

11 operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

通过cp命令复制文件

复制文件,既可以采用源文件名,也可以重新命名,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# cp file1 file6.txt

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 file1 file2 file3 file4 file5.txt file6.txt

cp命令既可以相同目录内容复制,也可以跨目录复制,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# cp file2 ../admin/file2.txt

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3file1 file2 file3 file4 file5.txt file6.txt

4 [root@bogon hexx]# cd ../admin

5 [root@bogon admin]# ls

6Desktop Downloads Music Public Videos

7 Documents file2.txt Pictures Templates

 

通过cp -r 命令复制文件夹及其内容,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon hexx]# cp -r  dir2 dir2_2

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3dir1 dir2 dir2_2 dir3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

4 [root@bogon hexx]# cd dir2_2

5 [root@bogon dir2_2]# ls

6 [root@bogon dir2_2]# cd ../

7 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

8dir1 dir2 dir2_2 dir3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

9 [root@bogon hexx]# cp -r dir2 ../admin/dir2_3

10 [root@bogon hexx]# cd ../admin

11 [root@bogon admin]# ls

12Desktop dir3 Downloads file2.txt Pictures Templates

13 dir2_3 Documents file1 Music Public Videos

通过mv命令移动文件,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# mv file1 ../admin/file1

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3file2 file3 file4 file5.txt file6.txt

4 [root@bogon hexx]# cd ../admin

5 [root@bogon admin]# ls

6Desktop Downloads file2.txt Pictures Templates

7 Documents file1 Music Public Videos

如果mv移动的文件在同一目录内容,则是重命名,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# mv file2 file2.txt

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 file2.txt file3 file4 file5.txt file6.txt

 

如果mv在同一目录操作,在当前文件目录中已存在,则移动到目标目录内;如不存在,则是重命名。如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

2dir1 dir2 dir2_2 dir3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

3 [root@bogon hexx]# mv dir3 dir3_3

4 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

5dir1 dir2 dir2_2 dir3_3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

6 [root@bogon hexx]# mv dir2 dir2_2

7 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

8dir1 dir2_2 dir3_3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

9 [root@bogon hexx]# cd dir2_2

10 [root@bogon dir2_2]# ls

11 dir2

如果mv在不同目录内操作,则相当于剪切功能,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

2dir1 dir2_2 dir3_3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

3 [root@bogon hexx]# mv dir1 ../admin/dir1_1

4 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

5dir2_2 dir3_3 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

6 [root@bogon hexx]# cd ../admin

7 [root@bogon admin]# ls

8Desktop dir2_3 Documents file1 Music Public Videos

9 dir1_1 dir3 Downloads file2.txt Pictures Templates

从别的目录移动到当前目录,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# mv ../admin/dir1_1 dir5

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 dir2_2 dir3_3 dir5 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

通过rm命令删除文件,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# rm file3

2 rm: remove regular empty file ‘file3’? Y

3 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

4 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

通过占位符?删除文件,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

2dir dir2_2 dir5 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

3 [root@bogon hexx]# rm file?

4 rm: remove regular empty file ‘file4’? Y

5 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

6 dir dir2_2 dir5 file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt

 

通过通配符*删除文件及目录,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# rm -r dir*

2 rm: remove directory ‘dir’? Y

3 rm: descend into directory ‘dir2_2’? Y

4 rm: remove directory ‘dir2_2/dir2’? Y

5 rm: remove directory ‘dir2_2’? Y

6 rm: remove directory ‘dir5’? Y

7 rm: remove regular empty file ‘dir_file1’? Y

8 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

9 file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt

通过find命令查询文件,

查询指定文件名的文件,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# find ./ -name file4

2 ./file4

通过?占位符查询,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# find ./ -name file?

2 ./file4

3 [root@bogon hexx]# find ./ -name file\?

4 ./file4

通过*号模糊查询,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon hexx]# find ./ -name file\*

2 ./file4

3 ./file5.txt

4 ./file6.txt

5 ./file2.txt

6 [root@bogon hexx]# find ./ -name \*le\*

7 ./.bash_profile

8 ./file4

9 ./file5.txt

10 ./file6.txt

11 ./file2.txt

同file命令,查询文件类型,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon admin]# file file2.txt

2file2.txt: empty

3 [root@bogon admin]# file Music

4 Music: directory

通过ll命令,查询文件的详细内容,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon ~]# ll

2 total 8

3 -rw-------. 1 root root 1987 May 26 2020 anaconda-ks.cfg

4 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2018 May 26 2020 initial-setup-ks.cfg

其中,第一个,短横线表示普通文件,D表示文件目录。

 通过ls - l查询当前目录所有文件的详细信息,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# ls -l

2 total 0

3 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 26 22:47 dir1

4 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 26 22:47 dir2

5 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 19 Nov 26 22:51 dir3

6 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 25 22:07 file2.txt

7 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 25 22:09 file4

8 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 25 22:13 file5.txt

9 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 25 22:17 file6.txt

 

也可以查询,其他目录的文件信息,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# ls -l ../admin

2 total 0

3 drwxr-xr-x. 2 admin admin 6 May 26 2020 Desktop

4 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 26 22:48 dir3

5 drwxr-xr-x. 2 admin admin 6 May 26 2020 Documents

6 drwxr-xr-x. 2 admin admin 6 May 26 2020 Downloads

7 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 25 22:07 file1

8 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 25 22:36 file2.txt

9 ......

通过ls -al查询当前目录和其他目录下的全部文件的详细信息,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon hexx]# ls -al

2 total 16

3 drwx------. 8 1001 1001 228 Nov 26 22:51 .

4 drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 31 Nov 24 22:53 ..

5 -rw-------. 1 1001 1001 23 Nov 24 22:59 .bash_history

6 -rw-r--r--. 1 1001 1001 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout

7........

8 [root@bogon hexx]# ls -al ../admin

9 total 32

10 drwx------. 16 admin admin 4096 Nov 26 22:48 .

11 drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 31 Nov 24 22:53 ..

12 -rw-------. 1 admin admin 279 Nov 25 23:06 .bash_history

13 -rw-r--r--. 1 admin admin 18 Apr 1 2020 .bash_logout

14 -rw-r--r--. 1 admin admin 193 Apr 1 2020 .bash_profile

15 -rw-r--r--. 1 admin admin 231 Apr 1 2020 .bashrc

16 drwx------. 14 admin admin 4096 May 26 2020 .cache

17 drwxr-xr-x. 14 admin admin 261 May 26 2020 .config

18 ......

通过mkdir命令,创建文件目录,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# mkdir dir dir1

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 dir dir1 dir2_2 dir3_3 dir5 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

通过rmdir命令删除目录,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# rmdir dir1

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3 dir dir2_2 dir3_3 dir5 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

通过rmdir -r命令删除目录及子目录,如下所示:

1 [root@bogon hexx]# rm -r  dir3_3

2 rm: descend into directory ‘dir3_3’? Y

3 rm: descend into directory ‘dir3_3/dir33’? Y

4 rm: remove directory ‘dir3_3/dir33/dir333’? Y

5 rm: remove directory ‘dir3_3/dir33’? Y

6 rm: remove directory ‘dir3_3’? Y

7 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

8 dir dir2_2 dir5 file2.txt file4 file5.txt file6.txt

 

网络相关命令

ifconfig命令,查看网络配置,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon ~]# ifconfig

2 ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

3 inet 192.168.127.129 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.127.255

4 inet6 fe80::24e8:9baf:7982:428b prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>

5 ether 00:0c:29:6d:3e:16 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

6 RX packets 2976 bytes 214136 (209.1 KiB)

7 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

8 TX packets 283 bytes 41368 (40.3 KiB)

9 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

10

11 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536

12 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0

13 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>

14 loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)

15 RX packets 48 bytes 4080 (3.9 KiB)

16 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

17 TX packets 48 bytes 4080 (3.9 KiB)

18 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

19

20 virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500

21 inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255

22 ether 52:54:00:56:b3:7f txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

23 RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

24 RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0

25 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)

26 TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

ping命令,测试网络连通,通过Ctrl+C停止命令,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon ~]# ping 192.168.1.102

2 PING 192.168.1.102 (192.168.1.102) 56(84) bytes of data.

3 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=48.6 ms

4 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=60.9 ms

5 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=83.2 ms

6 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=105 ms

7 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=35.8 ms

8 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=6 ttl=128 time=46.6 ms

9 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=7 ttl=128 time=67.5 ms

10 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=8 ttl=128 time=14.0 ms

11 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=9 ttl=128 time=110 ms

12 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=10 ttl=128 time=33.6 ms

13 64 bytes from 192.168.1.102: icmp_seq=11 ttl=128 time=52.2 ms

14^C

15 --- 192.168.1.102 ping statistics ---

16 11 packets transmitted, 11 received, 0% packet loss, time 10024ms

17 rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 14.050/59.924/110.534/28.619 ms

通过fdisk -l 查询磁盘挂载情况,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon /]# fdisk -l

2

3 Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors

4 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

5 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

6 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

7Disk label type: dos

8 Disk identifier: 0x000bfc23

9

10 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

11 /dev/sda1 * 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux

12 /dev/sda2 411648 25593855 12591104 8e Linux LVM

13

14 Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors

15 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

16 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

17 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

18

19

20 Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors

21 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

22 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

23 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

归档命令

归档命令tar,也可以进行解压缩,如下所示:

通过tar -czvf 进行压缩成gz格式

1 [root@bogon hexx]# tar -czvf xxx.gz file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt

2file2.txt

3file5.txt

4file6.txt

5 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

6 file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt xxx.gz

解压命令,通过tar -zxvf解压gz格式的文件,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon hexx]# rm -r file*

2 rm: remove regular empty file ‘file2.txt’? Y

3 rm: remove regular empty file ‘file5.txt’? Y

4 rm: remove regular empty file ‘file6.txt’? Y

5 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

6xxx.gz

7 [root@bogon hexx]# tar -zxvf xxx.gz

8file2.txt

9file5.txt

10file6.txt

11 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

12 file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt xxx.gz

将文件解压到指定目录,如下所示:

 1 [root@bogon hexx]# mkdir xxxx

2 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

3file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt xxx.gz xxxx

4 [root@bogon hexx]# tar -zxvf xxx.gz -C xxxx

5file2.txt

6file5.txt

7file6.txt

8 [root@bogon hexx]# ls

9file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt xxx.gz xxxx

10 [root@bogon hexx]# cd xxxx

11 [root@bogon xxxx]# ls

12 file2.txt file5.txt file6.txt

tar命令详解,如下所示:

tar -c 归档,-x 解档,-v显示操作的所有文件,-f 归档普通文件的名称 -z 调用gzip来进行解压和压缩,-j 调用bzip2的方式进行解压和压缩,-C 指定解压到的目录。

备注

从军行

作者:杨炯

烽火照西京,心中自不平。

牙璋辞凤阙,铁骑绕龙城。


雪暗凋旗画,风多杂鼓声。


宁为百夫长,胜作一书生。

 

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