【Nodejs教程精选】grunt让Nodejs规范起来

从零开始nodejs系列文章,将介绍如何利Javascript做为服务端脚本,通过Nodejs框架web开发。Nodejs框架是基于V8的引擎,是目前速度最快的Javascript引擎。chrome浏览器就基于V8,同时打开20-30个网页都很流畅。Nodejs标准的web开发框架Express,可以帮助我们迅速建立web站点,比起PHP的开发效率更高,而且学习曲线更低。非常适合小型网站,个性化网站,我们自己的Geek网站!!

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转载请注明出处:
http://blog.fens.me/nodejs-grunt-intro/

【Nodejs教程精选】grunt让Nodejs规范起来

前言

一个应用开发到一定阶段,普遍会遇到一个问题。当功能越来越多,代码量越来越大,bug修复越来越频繁,开发人员一波一波的交替,…..应该用会向着越来越不可控发展。我们不能再准确估计新功能的开发时间,也不知道一个bug修复后是否会引发另一个bug出现。所有的程序开发,都会面临着这样的问题。

C/C++程序通过makefile管理编译测试打包的过程,Java程序通过Maven,Ant实现项目构建管理功能,Python有pip,Ruby有gem。在Nodejs的领域,我们同样需要一个项目构建工具,这就是Grunt。Grunt可以执行像压缩, 编译, 单元测试, 代码检查以及打包发布的任务。

目录

  1. Grunt介绍
  2. Grunt安装
  3. Grunt使用
  4. Grunt常用插件:

    1).grunt-contrib-uglify:压缩js代码

    2).grunt-contrib-concat:合并js文件

    3).grunt-contrib-qunit:单元测试

    4).grunt-contrib-jshint:js代码检查

    5).grunt-contrib-watch:文件监控

1. Grunt介绍

Grunt是一个自动化的项目构建工具. 如果你需要重复的执行像压缩, 编译, 单元测试, 代码检查以及打包发布的任务. 那么你可以使用Grunt来处理这些任务, 你所需要做的只是配置好Grunt, 这样能很大程度的简化你的工作.

如果在团队中使用Grunt, 你只需要与其他人员约定好使用Grunt应该规避的问题, 就能够很方便的自动化的处理大部分的常见工作任务, 你所付出的努力几乎为0.

2. Grunt安装

Grunt和Grunt插件都是通过npm, Node.js包管理器安装和管理的.

我的系统环境

  • win7 64bit
  • Nodejs:v0.10.5
  • Npm:1.2.19

~ D:\workspace\javascript>node -v

v0.10.5

~ D:\workspace\javascript>npm -v

1.2.19

在系统中,我们已经安装好了Nodejs和npm。win7安装nodejs请参考文章:Nodejs开发框架Express3.0开发手记–从零开始

安装grunt-cli

grunt-cli并不grunt,grunt-cli的作用是管理本地各版本的grunt,让命令行可以直接执行grunt命令。

下面全局安装grunt-cli(-g)

~ D:\workspace\javascript>npm install -g grunt-cli

D:\toolkit\nodejs\grunt -> D:\toolkit\nodejs\node_modules\grunt-cli\bin\grunt

grunt-cli@0.1.9 D:\toolkit\nodejs\node_modules\grunt-cli

├── resolve@0.3.1

├── nopt@1.0.10 (abbrev@1.0.4)

└── findup-sync@0.1.2 (lodash@1.0.1, glob@3.1.21)

我们看到grunt-cli似乎做了一个软件链接,把grunt脚本复制到nodejs安装根目录里。

接下来全局安装grunt

~ D:\workspace\javascript>npm install -g grunt

~ D:\workspace\javascript>grunt

grunt-cli: The grunt command line interface. (v0.1.9)

Fatal error: Unable to find local grunt.

If you're seeing this message, either a Gruntfile wasn't found or grunt

hasn't been installed locally to your project. For more information about

installing and configuring grunt, please see the Getting Started guide:

http://gruntjs.com/getting-started

执行grunt命令,我们发现系统报错了,提示不能加载本地库。因为,grunt命令执行,是需要当前目录中包括package.json和Gruntfile.js两个文件。

package.json,是npm项目配置文件

Gruntfile.js,是专门用来配置grunt的配置文件

接下来,我们创建一个express3的项目。

~ D:\workspace\javascript>express -e nodejs-grunt

~ D:\workspace\javascript>cd nodejs-grunt && npm install

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>npm install grunt --save-dev

安装-save-dev,就可以,直接把grunt作为devDependencies写入的package.json中。

~ vi package.json

{

"name": "nodejs-grunt",

"version": "0.0.1",

"private": true,

"scripts": {

"start": "node app.js"

},

"dependencies": {

"express": "3.2.2",

"ejs": "*"

},

"devDependencies": {

"grunt": "~0.4.1",

}

}

然后,我们再执行grunt,系统提示缺少Gruntfile文件

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt

A valid Gruntfile could not be found. Please see the getting started guide for

more information on how to configure grunt: http://gruntjs.com/getting-started

Fatal error: Unable to find Gruntfile.

创建Gruntfile文件

~ vi Gruntfile.js

module.exports = function(grunt) {

// Project configuration.

grunt.initConfig({

pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

uglify: {

options: {

banner: '/*! <%= pkg.name %> <%= grunt.template.today("yyyy-mm-dd") %> */\n'

},

build: {

src: 'src/<%= pkg.name %>.js',

dest: 'build/<%= pkg.name %>.min.js'

}

}

});

// Load the plugin that provides the "uglify" task.

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-uglify');

// Default task(s).

grunt.registerTask('default', ['uglify']);

};

再次运行grunt,这时提示是grunt-contrib-uglify包找不到,是Gruntfile.js配置文件中的错误了。

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt

>> Local Npm module "grunt-contrib-uglify" not found. Is it installed?

Warning: Task "uglify" not found. Use --force to continue.

我们编辑package.js, 在devDependencies中增加grunt-contrib-uglify的依赖库

~ vi package.js

{

"name": "application-name",

"version": "0.0.1",

"private": true,

"scripts": {

"start": "node app.js"

},

"dependencies": {

"express": "3.2.2",

"ejs": "*"

},

"devDependencies": {

"grunt": "~0.4.1"

"grunt-contrib-uglify": "~0.1.1"

}

}

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>npm install

我们创建两个目录src和build,和nodejs-grunt.js的文件

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>mkdir src

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>mkdir build

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>vi src/nodejs-grunt.js

var sayHello = function(name){

return "Hello " + name;

}

我们再执行grunt

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt

Running "uglify:build" (uglify) task

File "build/nodejs-grunt.min.js" created.

Uncompressed size: 59 bytes.

Compressed size: 40 bytes gzipped (43 bytes minified).

Done, without errors.

grunt运行正常,并且执行了uglify:build的任务。打开build/nodejs-grunt.min.js文件

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>vi build/nodejs-grunt.min.js

/*! nodejs-grunt 2013-08-17 */

var sayHello=function(l){return"Hello "+l};

我们可以看到一个新生成的压缩文件nodejs-grunt.min.js。

上面的例子,是一个js文件压缩的例子。

3. Grunt使用

我们可以通过help帮助,看一下grunt怎么用。

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt --help

Grunt: The JavaScript Task Runner (v0.4.1)

Usage

grunt [options] [task [task ...]]

Options

--help, -h Display this help text.

--base Specify an alternate base path. By default, all file paths are

relative to the Gruntfile. (grunt.file.setBase) *

--no-color Disable colored output.

--gruntfile Specify an alternate Gruntfile. By default, grunt looks in the

current or parent directories for the nearest Gruntfile.js or

Gruntfile.coffee file.

--debug, -d Enable debugging mode for tasks that support it.

--stack Print a stack trace when exiting with a warning or fatal error.

--force, -f A way to force your way past warnings. Want a suggestion? Don't

use this option, fix your code.

--tasks Additional directory paths to scan for task and "extra" files.

(grunt.loadTasks) *

--npm Npm-installed grunt plugins to scan for task and "extra" files.

(grunt.loadNpmTasks) *

--no-write Disable writing files (dry run).

--verbose, -v Verbose mode. A lot more information output.

--version, -V Print the grunt version. Combine with --verbose for more info.

--completion Output shell auto-completion rules. See the grunt-cli

documentation for more information.

Options marked with * have methods exposed via the grunt API and should instead

be specified inside the Gruntfile wherever possible.

Available tasks

uglify Minify files with UglifyJS. *

default Alias for "uglify" task.

Tasks run in the order specified. Arguments may be passed to tasks that accept

them by using colons, like "lint:files". Tasks marked with * are "multi tasks"

and will iterate over all sub-targets if no argument is specified.

The list of available tasks may change based on tasks directories or grunt

plugins specified in the Gruntfile or via command-line options.

For more information, see http://gruntjs.com/

有两方面是我们需要注意的:

  1. Options: grunt支持的命令
  2. Available tasks: 当目录可执行的任务

4. Grunt常用插件

  • grunt-contrib-uglify:压缩js代码
  • grunt-contrib-concat:合并js文件
  • grunt-contrib-qunit:单元测试
  • grunt-contrib-jshint:js代码检查
  • grunt-contrib-watch:监控文件修改并重新执行注册的任务

1). grunt-contrib-uglify:是执行压缩JS代码的任务

具体操作请查看”2.Grunt安装”,

2). grunt-contrib-concat:是执行合并文件的任务。

插件安装及更新到配置

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>npm install grunt-contrib-concat --save-dev

修改Gruntfile.js文件

grunt.initConfig({

pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

concat:{

options: {

//定义一个字符串插入没个文件之间用于连接输出

separator: ';'

},

dist: {

src: ['src/*.js'],

dest: 'build/.cat.js'

}

},

});

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-qunit');

grunt.registerTask('default', ['uglify','concat']);

在src目录,新增加文件src/sayBye.js

~ vi src/sayBye.js

var sayBye = function(name){

return "Bye " + name;

}

执行concat任务

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt concat

Running "concat:dist" (concat) task

File "build/nodejs-grunt.cat.js" created.

Done, without errors.

查看生成的文件build/nodejs-grunt.cat.js

~ vi build/nodejs-grunt.cat.js

var sayHello = function(name){

return "Hello " + name;

};var sayBye = function(name){

return "Bye " + name;

}

两个文件完全的合并。

3). grunt-contrib-qunit:是执行QUint单元测试的任务。

插件安装及更新到配置

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>npm install grunt-contrib-qunit --save-dev

修改Gruntfile.js文件

grunt.initConfig({

pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

qunit: {

files: ['test/*.html']

}

});

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-qunit');

grunt.registerTask('default', ['uglify','concat','qunit']);

创建一个test目录,并编写用于测试的qunit.html文件

~ mkdir test

~ vi test/qunit.html

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://github.com/jquery/qunit/raw/master/qunit/qunit.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />

<script type="text/javascript" src="http://github.com/jquery/qunit/raw/master/qunit/qunit.js"></script>

<script>

test("hello", function() {

ok(true, "world");

});

</script>

</head>

<body>

<h1 id="qunit-header">QUnit example</h1>

<h2 id="qunit-banner"></h2>

<h2 id="qunit-userAgent"></h2>

<ol id="qunit-tests"></ol>

</body>

</html>

执行qunit命令

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt qunit

Running "qunit:files" (qunit) task

Testing test/qunit.html .OK

>> 1 assertions passed (67ms)

Done, without errors.

完成单元测试!!

4). grunt-contrib-jshint:是执行代码验证的任务

插件安装及更新到配置

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>npm install grunt-contrib-jshint --save-dev

修改Gruntfile.js文件

grunt.initConfig({

pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

jshint: {

files: ['gruntfile.js', 'src/*.js', 'build/*.js'],

options: {

globals: {

exports: true

}

}

}

});

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-jshint');

grunt.registerTask('default', ['uglify','concat','qunit','jshint']);

执行jshint代码检查

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt jshint

Running "jshint:files" (jshint) task

Linting src/nodejs-grunt.js ...ERROR

[L3:C2] W033: Missing semicolon.

}

Linting build/nodejs-grunt.cat.js ...ERROR

[L5:C2] W033: Missing semicolon.

}

Linting build/nodejs-grunt.min.js ...ERROR

[L2:C42] W033: Missing semicolon.

var sayHello=function(l){return"Hello "+l};

Warning: Task "jshint:files" failed. Use --force to continue.

Aborted due to warnings.

好多的错误啊,细看一下,都是”丢失分号”的错误。

~ vi src/sayBye.js

var sayBye = function(name){

return "Bye " + name;

};

增加最后一行的分号,解决上面的错误。

5). grunt-contrib-watch,是监控指定文件被修改,重新启动已注册的任务

我感觉这个插入,就点类似于supervisor的功能。

插件安装及更新到配置

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>npm install grunt-contrib-watch --save-dev

修改Gruntfile.js文件

grunt.initConfig({

pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

watch: {

files: [''],

tasks: ['jshint', 'qunit']

}

});

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-watch');

grunt.registerTask('default', ['uglify','concat','qunit','jshint']);

执行watch任务

~ D:\workspace\javascript\nodejs-grunt>grunt watch

Running "watch" task

Waiting...OK

#手动修改src/sayBye.js文件,下面watch的任务被触发

>> File "src\sayBye.js" changed.

Running "jshint:files" (jshint) task

Linting src/sayBye.js ...ERROR

[L3:C2] W033: Missing semicolon.

}

Linting build/nodejs-grunt.cat.js ...ERROR

[L3:C3] W032: Unnecessary semicolon.

};;var sayBye = function(name){

Linting build/nodejs-grunt.min.js ...ERROR

[L2:C42] W033: Missing semicolon.

var sayHello=function(l){return"Hello "+l};

Warning: Task "jshint:files" failed. Use --force to continue.

Aborted due to warnings.

Completed in 0.770s at Sat Aug 17 2013 20:49:15 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间) - Waiting...

上面介绍的5个任务,可能是我们比较常用配置的任务,大家也可以按照需要指定自己的任务。

下面贴上所最终的package.json和Gruntfile.js文件代码

package.json

{

"name": "nodejs-grunt",

"version": "0.0.1",

"private": true,

"scripts": {

"start": "node app.js"

},

"dependencies": {

"express": "3.2.2",

"ejs": "*"

},

"devDependencies": {

"grunt": "~0.4.1",

"grunt-contrib-uglify": "~0.1.1",

"grunt-contrib-concat": "~0.3.0",

"grunt-contrib-qunit": "~0.2.2",

"grunt-contrib-jshint": "~0.6.3",

"grunt-contrib-watch": "~0.5.2"

}

}

Gruntfile.js

module.exports = function(grunt) {

// Project configuration.

grunt.initConfig({

pkg: grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),

uglify: {

options: {

banner: '/*! */\n'

},

build: {

src: 'src/.js',

dest: 'build/.min.js'

}

},

concat:{

options: {

//定义一个字符串插入没个文件之间用于连接输出

separator: ';'

},

dist: {

src: ['src/*.js'],

dest: 'build/.cat.js'

}

},

qunit: {

files: ['test/*.html']

},

jshint: {

files: ['gruntfile.js', 'src/*.js', 'build/*.js'],

options: {

globals: {

exports: true

}

}

},

watch: {

files: [''],

tasks: ['jshint', 'qunit']

}

});

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-uglify');

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-concat');

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-qunit');

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-jshint');

grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-watch');

// Default task(s).

grunt.registerTask('default', ['uglify','concat','qunit','jshint']);

};

转载请注明出处:
http://blog.fens.me/nodejs-grunt-intro/

【Nodejs教程精选】grunt让Nodejs规范起来

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