用Python写一个简单的中文分词器[python高级教程]
解压后取出以下文件:
训练数据:icwb2-data/training/pku_ training.utf8
测试数据:icwb2-data/testing/pku_ test.utf8
正确分词结果:icwb2-data/gold/pku_ test_ gold.utf8
评分工具:icwb2-data/script/socre
2 算法描述
算法是最简单的正向最大匹配(FMM):
用训练数据生成一个字典
对测试数据从左到右扫描,遇到一个最长的词,就切分下来,直到句子结束
注:这是最初的算法,这样做代码可以控制在60行内,后来看测试结果发现没有很好地处理数字问题, 才又增加了对数字的处理。
3 源代码及注释
#! /usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Author: minix
# Date: 2013-03-20
import codecs
import sys
# 由规则处理的一些特殊符号
numMath = [u"0", u"1", u"2", u"3", u"4", u"5", u"6", u"7", u"8", u"9"]
numMath_suffix = [u".", u"%", u"亿", u"万", u"千", u"百", u"十", u"个"]
numCn = [u"一", u"二", u"三", u"四", u"五", u"六", u"七", u"八", u"九", u"〇", u"零"]
numCn_suffix_date = [u"年", u"月", u"日"]
numCn_suffix_unit = [u"亿", u"万", u"千", u"百", u"十", u"个"]
special_char = [u"(", u")"]
def proc_num_math(line, start):
""" 处理句子中出现的数学符号 """
oldstart = start
while line[start] in numMath or line[start] in numMath_suffix:
start = start + 1
if line[start] in numCn_suffix_date:
start = start + 1
return start - oldstart
def proc_num_cn(line, start):
""" 处理句子中出现的中文数字 """
oldstart = start
while line[start] in numCn or line[start] in numCn_suffix_unit:
start = start + 1
if line[start] in numCn_suffix_date:
start = start + 1
return start - oldstart
def rules(line, start):
""" 处理特殊规则 """
if line[start] in numMath:
return proc_num_math(line, start)
elif line[start] in numCn:
return proc_num_cn(line, start)
def genDict(path):
""" 获取词典 """
f = codecs.open(path,"r","utf-8")
contents = f.read()
contents = contents.replace(u"", u"")
contents = contents.replace(u"
", u"")
# 将文件内容按空格分开
mydict = contents.split(u" ")
# 去除词典List中的重复
newdict = list(set(mydict))
newdict.remove(u"")
# 建立词典
# key为词首字,value为以此字开始的词构成的List
truedict = {}
for item in newdict:
if len(item)>0 and item[0] in truedict:
value = truedict[item[0]]
value.append(item)
truedict[item[0]] = value
else:
truedict[item[0]] = [item]
return truedict
def print_unicode_list(uni_list):
for item in uni_list:
print item,
def divideWords(mydict, sentence):
"""
根据词典对句子进行分词,
使用正向匹配的算法,从左到右扫描,遇到最长的词,
就将它切下来,直到句子被分割完闭
"""
ruleChar = []
ruleChar.extend(numCn)
ruleChar.extend(numMath)
result = []
start = 0
senlen = len(sentence)
while start < senlen:
curword = sentence[start]
maxlen = 1
# 首先查看是否可以匹配特殊规则
if curword in numCn or curword in numMath:
maxlen = rules(sentence, start)
# 寻找以当前字开头的最长词
if curword in mydict:
words = mydict[curword]
for item in words:
itemlen = len(item)
if sentence[start:start+itemlen] == item and itemlen > maxlen:
maxlen = itemlen
result.append(sentence[start:start+maxlen])
start = start + maxlen
return result
def main():
args = sys.argv[1:]
if len(args) < 3:
print "Usage: python dw.py dict_path test_path result_path"
exit(-1)
dict_path = args[0]
test_path = args[1]
result_path = args[2]
dicts = genDict(dict_path)
fr = codecs.open(test_path,"r","utf-8")
test = fr.read()
result = divideWords(dicts,test)
fr.close()
fw = codecs.open(result_path,"w","utf-8")
for item in result:
fw.write(item + " ")
fw.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
4 测试及评分结果
使用 dw.py 训练数据 测试数据, 生成结果文件
使用 score 根据训练数据,正确分词结果,和我们生成的结果进行评分
使用 tail 查看结果文件最后几行的总体评分,另外socre.utf8中还提供了大量的比较结果, 可以用于发现自己的分词结果在哪儿做的不够好
注:整个测试过程都在Ubuntu下完成
$ python dw.py pku_training.utf8 pku_test.utf8 pku_result.utf8
$ perl score pku_training.utf8 pku_test_gold.utf8 pku_result.utf8 > score.utf8
$ tail -22 score.utf8
INSERTIONS: 0
DELETIONS: 0
SUBSTITUTIONS: 0
NCHANGE: 0
NTRUTH: 27
NTEST: 27
TRUE WORDS RECALL: 1.000
TEST WORDS PRECISION: 1.000
=== SUMMARY:
=== TOTAL INSERTIONS: 4623
=== TOTAL DELETIONS: 1740
=== TOTAL SUBSTITUTIONS: 6650
=== TOTAL NCHANGE: 13013
=== TOTAL TRUE WORD COUNT: 104372
=== TOTAL TEST WORD COUNT: 107255
=== TOTAL TRUE WORDS RECALL: 0.920
=== TOTAL TEST WORDS PRECISION: 0.895
=== F MEASURE: 0.907
=== OOV Rate: 0.940
=== OOV Recall Rate: 0.917
=== IV Recall Rate: 0.966
基于词典的FMM算法是非常基础的分词算法,效果没那么好,不过足够简单,也易于入手,随着学习的深入,我可能还会用Python实现其它的分词算法。另外一个感受是,看书的时候尽量多去实现,这样会让你有足够的热情去关注理论的每一个细节,不会感到那么枯燥无力。
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