用Python备份MYSQL数据库[python高级教程]
![用Python备份MYSQL 数据库[python高级教程]](/wp-content/uploads/new2022/20220602jjjkkk3/1036225652_1.jpg)
工作需要，对公司的MYSQL数据库进行备份，赶上刚刚开始学python，看了一套简单的python教学视频，简单的写了个备份脚本，个人表示 对python 的class 、function、build-in function 、私有变量、全局变量 等等，该怎么用，啥时候用等 毫无概念 ，仅此记录一下吧，也欢迎路过的pythoner赐教。
个人已知的一些问题：
1、该脚本必须要求 mysql配置文件内的所有行为 key=value的格式，并且不能存在多余的注释，否则ConfigParser模块解析配置文件时会出错，由于没研究过ConfigParser是不是有容错的方法可以调用，也没时间写容错处理，而是通过整理my.ini 配置文件使其符合ConfigParser的要求解决的。后面会附上我用的mysql配置文件。
2、大量使用类私有成员变量，因为完全不知道python 变量、类方法、等等啥时候该私有化，以及有啥区别，只知道类私有成员变量在别的脚本中import 或者继承时，是不可见的。
3、比较多的进行文件操作，以及传值操作，目前只保证按正确格式传值没问题，没有做多余的容错处理。 4、大量的在进行字符串拼接，第一次写运维相关脚本，由于要调用系统命令，和传递很多参数，也不会subprocess模块，不知道别人写运维脚本都具体咋做，就直接拼接了。
5、其他未知的bug、未发现的逻辑错误等等。
环境：
- Server : Dell PowerEdge T110
- OS: CentOS 6.3_x86_64
- PythonVersion: 2.7.3
- MysqlVersion: 5.5.28 linux x86_64
MysqlBackupScript.py
#!/usr/bin/env python# coding: utf8
# script MysqlBackupScript
# by Becareful
# version v1.0
"""
This scripts provides auto backup mysql(version == 5.5.x) database .
"""
import os
import sys
import datetime #用于生成备份文件的日期
import linecache #用于读取文件的指定行
import ConfigParser #解析mysql配置文件
class DatabaseArgs(object):
"""
"""
__MYSQL_BASE_DIR = r"/usr/local/mysql" #mysql安装目录
__MYSQL_BIN_DIR = __MYSQL_BASE_DIR + "/bin" #mysql二进制目录
__MYSQL_CONFIG_FILE = r"/usr/local/mysql/my.cnf" #mysql配置文件
__ONEDAY = datetime.timedelta(days=1) #一天的时长，用于计算下面的前一天和后一天日期
__TODAY = datetime.date.today() #当天日期格式为 YYYY-MM-DD
__YESTERDAY = __TODAY - __ONEDAY #计算昨天日期
__TOMORROW = __TODAY + __ONEDAY #计算明天日期
__WEEKDAY = __TODAY.strftime("%w") #计算当天是一星期的星期几
__MYSQL_DUMP_ARGS = { #用一个字典存储mysqldump 命令备份数据库的参数
"MYISAM": " -v -E -e -R --triggers -F -n --opt --master-data=2 --hex-blob -B ",
"INNODB": " -v -E -e -R --triggers -F --single-transaction -n --opt --master-data=2 --hex-blob -B "
}
__DUMP_COMMAND = __MYSQL_BIN_DIR + "/mysqldump" #mysqldump 命令的 路径 用于dump mysql数据
__FLUSH_LOG_COMMAND = __MYSQL_BIN_DIR + "/mysqladmin" #mysqladmin 命令的路径 ，用于执行 flush-logs 生成每天增量binlog
__BACKUP_DIR = r"/backup/" # 指定备份文件存放的目录
__PROJECTNAME = "example" # 指定需要备份的数据库对应的项目名，将来会生成 projectname-YYYY-MM-DD.sql 等文件
__DATABASE_LIST = [] # 指定需要备份的数据库名，可以是多个，使用列表
__HOST = "localhost"
__PORT = 3306
__USERNAME = "root"
__PASSWORD = ""
__LOGINARGS = "" # 如果在localhost登陆，需要密码，可以设定登陆的参数，具体在下面有说明
__LOGFILE = __BACKUP_DIR + "/backup.logs"
def __init__(self, baseDir=__MYSQL_BASE_DIR, backDir=__BACKUP_DIR, engine="MYISAM", projectName=__PROJECTNAME,
dbList=__DATABASE_LIST, host=__HOST, port=__PORT, user=__USERNAME, passwd=__PASSWORD):
"""
实例化对象时传入的参数，如不传入默认使用类的私有成员变量作为默认值
:param baseDir:
:param backDir:
:param engine:
:param projectName:
:param dbList:
:param host:
:param port:
:param user:
:param passwd:
"""
self.__MYSQL_BASE_DIR = baseDir
self.__BACKUP_DIR = backDir
self.__PROJECTNAME = projectName
self.__DATABASE_LIST = dbList
self.__HOST = host
self.__PORT = port
self.__USERNAME = user
self.__PASSWORD = passwd
self.__ENGINE = self.__MYSQL_DUMP_ARGS[engine]
#下面定义了如需登陆时，参数 其实就是生成 这样的格式 “-hlocalhost -uroot --password=‘xxxx’”
self.__LOGINARGS = " -h" + self.__HOST + " -P" + str(
self.__PORT) + " -u" + self.__USERNAME + " --password="" + self.__PASSWORD + """
self.checkDatabaseArgs() #调用检查函数
def __getconfig(self, cnf=__MYSQL_CONFIG_FILE, item=None): # 解析mysql配置文件的小函数，简单封装了下，传入一个值作为my.cnf的key去查找对应的value
__mycnf = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
__mycnf.read(cnf)
try:
return __mycnf.get("mysqld", item)
except BaseException, e:
sys.stderr.write(str(e))
sys.exit(1)
def __getBinlogPath(self): # 取每天需要增量备份的binlog日志的绝对路径，从mysql的binlog.index文件取倒数第二行
__BINLOG_INDEX = self.__getconfig(item="log-bin") + ".index"
if not os.path.isfile(__BINLOG_INDEX):
sys.stderr.write("BINLOG INDEX FILE: [" + __BINLOG_INDEX + " ] NOT FOUND!
")
sys.exit(1)
else:
try:
__BINLOG_PATH = linecache.getline(__BINLOG_INDEX, len(open(__BINLOG_INDEX, "r").readlines()) - 1)
linecache.clearcache()
except BaseException, e:
sys.stderr.write(str(e))
sys.exit(1)
return __BINLOG_PATH.strip()
def flushDatabaseBinlog(self): # 调用此函数，将会执行 mysqladmin flush-logs ,刷新binlog日志
return os.popen(self.__FLUSH_LOG_COMMAND + self.__LOGINARGS + " flush-logs")
def dumpDatabaseSQL(self): #|通过mysqladmin 对指定数据库进行全备
if not os.path.isfile(self.__BACKUP_DIR + "/" + self.__PROJECTNAME + "/" + str(self.__YESTERDAY) + "-" + self.__PROJECTNAME + ".sql"):
return os.popen(self.__DUMP_COMMAND + self.__LOGINARGS + self.__ENGINE + " ".join(
self.__DATABASE_LIST) + " >> " + self.__BACKUP_DIR + "/" + self.__PROJECTNAME + "/" + str(
self.__YESTERDAY) + "-" + self.__PROJECTNAME + ".sql")
else:
sys.stderr.write("Backup File [" + str(self.__YESTERDAY) + "-" + self.__PROJECTNAME + ".sql] already exists.
")
def dumpDatabaseBinlog(self):#通过copy2() 将需要备份的binlog日志复制到指定备份目录
if not os.path.isfile(self.__BACKUP_DIR + "/" + self.__PROJECTNAME + "/" + str(self.__YESTERDAY) + "-" + os.path.split(self.__getBinlogPath())[1]):
from shutil import copy2
try:
copy2(self.__getBinlogPath(), self.__BACKUP_DIR + "/" + self.__PROJECTNAME + "/" + str(self.__YESTERDAY) + "-" + os.path.split(self.__getBinlogPath())[1])
except BaseException, e:
sys.stderr.write(str(e))
else:
sys.stderr.write("Binlog File [" + str(self.__YESTERDAY) + "-" + os.path.split(self.__getBinlogPath())[1] + "] already exists
" )
def checkDatabaseArgs(self): #对一些必要条件进行检查
__rv = 0
if not os.path.isdir(self.__MYSQL_BASE_DIR): #检查指定的mysql安装目录是否存在
sys.stderr.write("MYSQL BASE DIR: [ " + self.__MYSQL_BASE_DIR + " ] NOT FOUND
")
__rv += 1
if not os.path.isdir(self.__BACKUP_DIR): #检查指定的备份目录是否存在，如不存在自动创建
sys.stderr.write("BACKUP DIR: [ " + self.__BACKUP_DIR + "/" + self.__PROJECTNAME + " ] NOT FOUND ,AUTO CREATED
")
os.makedirs(self.__BACKUP_DIR + "/" + self.__PROJECTNAME)
if not os.path.isfile(self.__MYSQL_CONFIG_FILE): #检查mysql配置文件是否存在
sys.stderr.write("MYSQL CONFIG FILE: [" + self.__MYSQL_CONFIG_FILE + " ] NOT FOUND
")
__rv += 1
if not os.path.isfile(self.__DUMP_COMMAND): #检查备份数据库时使用的mysqldump命令是否存在
sys.stderr.write("MYSQL DUMP COMMAND: [" + self.__DUMP_COMMAND + " ] NOT FOUND
")
__rv += 1
if not os.path.isfile(self.__FLUSH_LOG_COMMAND): #检查刷新mysql binlog日志使用的mysqladmin命令是否存在
sys.stderr.write("MYSQL FLUSH LOG COMMAND: [" + self.__DUMP_COMMAND + " ] NOT FOUND
")
__rv += 1
if not self.__DATABASE_LIST: #检查需要备份的数据库列表是否存在
sys.stderr.write("Database List is None
")
__rv += 1
if __rv: # 判断返回值，由于上述任何一步检查失败，都会导致 __rv 值 +1 ，只要最后__rv ！= 0就直接退出了。
sys.exit(1)
def crontab(): # 使用字典，来进行相关参数传递，并实例化对象，调用相关方法进行操作
zabbix = {
"baseDir": "/usr/local/mysql/",
"backDir": "/backup/",
"projectName": "Monitor",
"dbList": ["zabbix"],
"host": "localhost",
"port": 3306,
"user": "root",
"passwd": "xxxxxxx"
}
monitor = DatabaseArgs(**zabbix)
monitor.dumpDatabaseSQL()
monitor.dumpDatabaseBinlog()
monitor.flushDatabaseBinlog()
if __name__ == "__main__":
crontab()
my.cnf
[client]port = 3306
socket = /mysql/var/db.socket
[mysqld]
socket = /mysql/var/db.socket
datadir = /mysql/db/
skip-external-locking = 1
skip-innodb = 0
key_buffer_size = 256M
max_allowed_packet = 10M
table_open_cache = 2048
sort_buffer_size = 4M
read_buffer_size = 4M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 1G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recover = DEFAULT
thread_cache_size = 32
query_cache_size = 32M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
tmp_table_size = 128M
thread_stack = 192K
skip-name-resolve = 1
max_connections = 65500
default-storage-engine = myisam
federated = 0
server-id = 1
slave-skip-errors = all
#log = /var/log/sql_query.log
slow-query-log = 1
slow-query-log-file = /mysql/log/sql_query_slow.log
long-query-time = 5
log-queries-not-using-indexes = 1
log-slow-admin-statements = 1
log-bin = /mysql/var/log/binlog/bin-log
log-error = /mysql/var/log/mysql.err
master-info-file = /mysql/var/log/master.info
relay-log = /mysql/var/log/relay-bin/relay-bin
relay-log-index = /mysql/var/log/relay-bin/relay-bin.index
relay-log-info-file = /mysql/var/log/relay-bin/relay-bin.info
binlog_cache_size = 8M
binlog_format = MIXED
max_binlog_cache_size = 20M
max_binlog_size = 1G
binlog-ignore-db = mysql
binlog-ignore-db = performance_schema
binlog-ignore-db = information_schema
replicate-ignore-db = mysql
replicate-ignore-db = performance_schema
replicate-ignore-db = information_schema
innodb_data_home_dir = /mysql/ibdata/
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata:156M:autoextend
innodb_log_group_home_dir = /mysql/ibdata/
log-slave-updates = 0
back_log = 512
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
max_heap_table_size = 246M
interactive_timeout = 120
wait_timeout = 120
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_log_file_size = 128M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_open_file = 327500
open_files_limit = 327500
[mysqldump]
quick = 1
max_allowed_packet = 50M
[mysql]
auto-rehash = 1
socket = /mysql/var/db.socket
safe-updates = 0
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 256M
sort_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer = 2M
write_buffer = 2M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout = 100
最终生成的备份目录结构是这样的
[root@zabbix backup]# find ././
./Monitor
./Monitor/2013-03-16-bin-log.000008
./Monitor/2013-03-14-bin-log.000006
./Monitor/2013-03-16-Monitor.sql
./Monitor/2013-03-15-Monitor.sql
./Monitor/2013-03-15-bin-log.000007
./Monitor/2013-03-14-Monitor.sql
~END~
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