ModelViewSet+ModelSerializer使用
1.DRF初始化
DRF框架的8个核心功能
1.认证(用户登录校验用户名密码或者token是否合法)2.权限(根据不同的用户角色,可以操作不同的表)3.限流(限制接口访问速度)4.序列化(返回json)5.分页6.版本(接口版本号,用 v1/v2/v3)# api.example.com/v1/login # 只有用户名密码登录# api.example.com/v2/login # 手机号,微信 登录
7.过滤(username=zhangsan)
8.排序(ordering=-id)
相关包
"""1.序列化相关"""serializer
ModelSerializer
"""2.DRF视图函数继承"""APIView
ModelViewSet
pip install djangorestframework==3.11.1pip install django
-filter==2.3.0 # 过滤器pip install markdown # Markdown support for the browsable API.
INSTALLED_APPS = ["django_filters","rest_framework",]
REST_FRAMEWORK = {# 文档报错: AttributeError: ‘AutoSchema’ object has no attribute ‘get_link’# 用下面的设置可以解决
"DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS": "rest_framework.schemas.AutoSchema",
# 默认设置是:
# "DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS": "rest_framework.schemas.openapi.AutoSchema",
# 异常处理器
# "EXCEPTION_HANDLER": "user.utils.exception_handler",
# Base API policies
"DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES": [
"rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer",
"rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer",
],
"DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES": [
"rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser",
"rest_framework.parsers.FormParser",
"rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser"
],
# 1.认证器(全局):用户登录校验用户名密码或者token是否合法
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
"rest_framework_jwt.authentication.JSONWebTokenAuthentication", # 在DRF中配置JWT认证
# "rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication", # 使用session时的认证器
# "rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication" # 提交表单时的认证器
],
#2.权限配置(全局): 顺序靠上的严格(根据不同的用户角色,可以操作不同的表)
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
# "rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser", # 管理员可以访问
# "rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated", # 认证用户可以访问
# "rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly", # 认证用户可以访问, 否则只能读取
# "rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny", # 所有用户都可以访问
# "user.utils.VipPermission", #自定义权限
],
#3.限流(防爬虫)
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": [
"rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle",
"rest_framework.throttling.UserRateThrottle",
],
#3.1限流策略
# "DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES": {
# "user": "100/hour", # 认证用户每小时100次
# "anon": "10/day", # 未认证用户每天能访问3次
# },
"DEFAULT_CONTENT_NEGOTIATION_CLASS": "rest_framework.negotiation.DefaultContentNegotiation",
"DEFAULT_METADATA_CLASS": "rest_framework.metadata.SimpleMetadata",
"DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS": None,
#4.分页(全局):全局分页器, 例如 省市区的数据自定义分页器, 不需要分页
"DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS": "rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination",
# 每页返回数量
# "PAGE_SIZE": 3, # 默认 None
#5.过滤器后端
"DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS": [
"django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend",
# "django_filters.rest_framework.backends.DjangoFilterBackend", 包路径有变化
"rest_framework.filters.OrderingFilter",
],
#5.1过滤排序(全局):Filtering 过滤排序
# "SEARCH_PARAM": "search",
# "ORDERING_PARAM": "ordering",
#
# "NUM_PROXIES": None,
#6.版本控制:Versioning 接口版本控制
"DEFAULT_VERSION": None,
"ALLOWED_VERSIONS": None,
"VERSION_PARAM": "version",
# Authentication 认证
# 未认证用户使用的用户类型
"UNAUTHENTICATED_USER": "django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser",
# 未认证用户使用的Token值
"UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN": None,
# View configuration
"VIEW_NAME_FUNCTION": "rest_framework.views.get_view_name",
"VIEW_DESCRIPTION_FUNCTION": "rest_framework.views.get_view_description",
"NON_FIELD_ERRORS_KEY": "non_field_errors",
# Testing
"TEST_REQUEST_RENDERER_CLASSES": [
"rest_framework.renderers.MultiPartRenderer",
"rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer"
],
"TEST_REQUEST_DEFAULT_FORMAT": "multipart",
# Hyperlink settings
"URL_FORMAT_OVERRIDE": "format",
"FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG": "format",
"URL_FIELD_NAME": "url",
# Encoding
"UNICODE_JSON": True,
"COMPACT_JSON": True,
"STRICT_JSON": True,
"COERCE_DECIMAL_TO_STRING": True,
"UPLOADED_FILES_USE_URL": True,
# Browseable API
"HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF": 1000,
"HTML_SELECT_CUTOFF_TEXT": "More than {count} items...",
# Schemas
"SCHEMA_COERCE_PATH_PK": True,
"SCHEMA_COERCE_METHOD_NAMES": {
"retrieve": "read",
"destroy": "delete"
},
}
settings.py
2.代码实践
from django.urls import include, pathfrom user import viewsfrom rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter, DefaultRouter# 自动生成路由方法, 必须使用视图集#
router = SimpleRouter() # 没有根路由 /user/ 无法识别router = DefaultRouter() # 1.有根路由
router.register(r"user", views.UserViewSet) # 2.配置路由
urlpatterns = [
path("index/", views.index),
path("api-auth/", include("rest_framework.urls", namespace="rest_framework")) # 认证地址
]
urlpatterns += router.urls # 3.模块地址
user/urls.py
from django.http import HttpResponsefrom django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackendfrom rest_framework import viewsetsfrom rest_framework.authentication import BasicAuthentication, SessionAuthenticationfrom rest_framework.decorators import actionfrom rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilterfrom rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny, IsAdminUser, IsAuthenticated, IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnlyfrom rest_framework.response import Responsefrom rest_framework.throttling import UserRateThrottlefrom rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPaginationfrom rest_framework.views import APIViewfrom rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission, SAFE_METHODSfrom user.models import Userfrom user.serializers import UserSerializer, UserUnActiveSerializer# 分页(局部):自定义分页器 局部class PageNum(PageNumberPagination):
# 查询字符串中代表每页返回数据数量的参数名, 默认值: None
page_size_query_param = "page_size"
# 查询字符串中代表页码的参数名, 有默认值: page
# page_query_param = "page"
# 一页中最多的结果条数
max_page_size = 2
# 自定义权限(局部)
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
# has_permission 是用户对这个视图有没有 GET POST PUT PATCH DELETE 权限的分别判断
def has_permission(self, request, view):
print("has_perm")
# print(view.kwargs.get("pk"), request.user.id)
"""判断用户对模型有没有访问权"""
# 任何用户对使用此权限类的视图都有访问权限
if request.user.is_superuser:
# 管理员对用户模型有访问权
return True
elif view.kwargs.get("pk") == str(request.user.id):
# 携带的id和用户的id相同时有访问权
return True
return False
# has_object_permission 是用户过了 has_permission 判断有权限以后,再判断这个用户有没有对一个具体的对象有没有操作权限
# 这样设置以后,即使是django admin管理员也只能查询自己user标的信息,不能查询其他用户的单条信息
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
print("has_object_perm")
"""获取单个数据时,判断用户对某个数据对象是否有访问权限"""
if request.user.id == obj.id:
return True
return False
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
完成产品的增删改查
"""
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer # 优先使用 get_serializer_class 返回的序列化器
# # 1.认证:自定义认证类, 自定义会覆盖全局配置
# authentication_classes = (BasicAuthentication, SessionAuthentication)
# # 2.权限:自定义权限类
# permission_classes = (MyPermission,)
# 3.分页:自定义分页器 覆盖全局配置
pagination_class = PageNum
# 4.限流:自定义限流类
throttle_classes = [UserRateThrottle]
# 5.过滤:指定过滤方法类, 排序方法类, 一个或多个
filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend, OrderingFilter) # 同时支持过滤和排序
# 5.1指定排序字段, 不设置, 排序功能不起效
ordering_fields = ("date_joined", "id") # ?ordering=-id
# 5.2指定过滤字段, 不设置, 过滤功能不起效
filter_fields = ("username", "phone", "is_active") # ?username=tom&phone=&is_active=true
# 根据不同的请求, 获得不同的序列化器
def get_serializer_class(self):
if self.action == "unactived":
return UserUnActiveSerializer
else:
return UserSerializer
@action(methods=["get"], detail=False)
def unactived(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取查询集, 过滤出未激活的用户
qs = self.queryset.filter(is_active=False)
# 使用序列化器, 序列化查询集, 并且是
ser = self.get_serializer(qs, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
@action(methods=["get"], detail=False)
def actived(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取查询集, 过滤出未激活的用户
qs = self.queryset.filter(is_active=True)
# 使用序列化器, 序列化查询集, 并且是
ser = self.get_serializer(qs, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
user/views.py
from rest_framework import serializersfrom user.models import Userdef address_validate(data):# data:是用户提交的地址这个字段的数据(河南省 郑州市)# 独立校验器
# raise serializers.ValidationError("请填写实际地址") # 有错就抛出异常
# 没错就返回数据
return data
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 1.独立校验器:重新设定字段, 替换掉模型中的设定, 重新设定地址的长度为5
# address_validate是自定义的数据校验函数
address = serializers.CharField(max_length=255, min_length=5, validators=[address_validate])
# 2.单一字段验证(validate_字段名), 验证地址
def validate_address(self, data):
if data == "测试":
raise serializers.ValidationError("请填写实际地址") # 有错就抛出异常
return data # 没错就返回结果
def validate_phone(self, data):
# 不符合手机号格式
# raise serializers.ValidationError("手机号格式不正确")
model = self.root.Meta.model
num = model.objects.filter(phone=data).count()
if num > 0:
raise serializers.ValidationError("手机号已存在")
return data
# 3.所有属性验证器
def validate(self, attrs):
# attrs:{"username":"zhangsan", "phone":"18538752511", ....}
# 所有属性验证器
# self.context 中有request和view上下文
# self.context["view"].action 可以取到动作
# attrs 是需要序列化的数据
# raise serializers.ValidationError("xxx错误") # 有问题报错
return attrs # 没问题返回数据
class Meta:
model = User # 具体对哪个表进行序列化
fields = "__all__"# 所有字段
# fields = ("id", ) # 临时添加字段也需要写在这里
# exclude = ["id"] # 排除 id 字段
# read_only_fields = ("",) # 指定字段为 read_only,
# depth = 1 # 深度(序列化外键字段,外键字段有几层就=于几)
class UserUnActiveSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ("id", "username", "is_active") # 临时添加字段也需要写在这里
# fields = "__all__" # 所有字段
user/serializers.py
3.postman测试接口
查询路由
#1.查询所有用户http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/
#2.查询id=1的用户
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/1/
#3.查询 用户名(tom),激活的用户
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/?username=tom&phone=&is_active=true
#4.查询所有用户 用id 反向排序
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/?ordering=-id
#5.查询用户表中第一页,每页显示一条数据
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/?page=1&page_size=1
增加(POST)
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/
修改(PUT)
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/1/
删除(DELETE)
http://192.168.56.100:8888/user/user/1/
以上是 ModelViewSet+ModelSerializer使用 的全部内容, 来源链接: utcz.com/z/537917.html