12ModelSerializer组件[Python基础]

python

模型类序列化器ModelSerializer

如果我们想要使用序列化器对应的是Django的模型类,DRF为我们提供了ModelSerializer模型类序列化器来帮助我们快速创建一个Serializer类。

ModelSerializer与常规的Serializer相同,但提供了:

  • 基于模型类自动生成一系列字段
  • 基于模型类自动为Serializer生成validators,比如unique_together
  • 包含默认的create()和update()的实现

1. 定义

比如我们创建一个BookInfoSerializer:

class BookInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

"""图书数据序列化器"""

class Meta:

model = BookInfo

fields = "__all__"

  • model 指明参照哪个模型类
  • fields 指明为模型类的哪些字段生成

我们可以在python manage.py shell中查看自动生成的BookInfoSerializer的具体实现

>>> from booktest.serializers import BookInfoSerializer

>>> serializer = BookInfoSerializer()

>>> serializer

BookInfoSerializer():

id = IntegerField(label="ID", read_only=True)

btitle = CharField(label="名称", max_length=20)

bpub_date = DateField(allow_null=True, label="发布日期", required=False)

bread = IntegerField(label="阅读量", max_value=2147483647, min_value=-2147483648, required=False)

bcomment = IntegerField(label="评论量", max_value=2147483647, min_value=-2147483648, required=False)

image = ImageField(allow_null=True, label="图片", max_length=100, required=False)

2. 指定字段

  1. 使用fields来明确字段,__all__表名包含所有字段,也可以写明具体哪些字段,如

class BookInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

"""图书数据序列化器"""

class Meta:

model = BookInfo

fields = ("id", "btitle", "bpub_date")

  1. 使用exclude可以明确排除掉哪些字段

class BookInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

"""图书数据序列化器"""

class Meta:

model = BookInfo

exclude = ("image",)

  1. 显示指明字段,如:

class HeroInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

hbook = BookInfoSerializer()

class Meta:

model = HeroInfo

fields = ("id", "hname", "hgender", "hcomment", "hbook")

  1. 指明只读字段

可以通过read_only_fields指明只读字段,即仅用于序列化输出的字段

class BookInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

"""图书数据序列化器"""

class Meta:

model = BookInfo

fields = ("id", "btitle", "bpub_date", "bread", "bcomment")

read_only_fields = ("id", "bread", "bcomment")

3. 添加额外参数

我们可以使用extra_kwargs参数为ModelSerializer添加或修改原有的选项参数

class BookInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

"""图书数据序列化器"""

class Meta:

model = BookInfo

fields = ("id", "btitle", "bpub_date", "bread", "bcomment")

extra_kwargs = {

"bread": {"min_value": 0, "required": True},

"bcomment": {"min_value": 0, "required": True},

}

基于 Serializer组件的model、urls、views使用serializers.ModelSerializer重写

4. 序列化

class BookInfoModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

# 1.还可以自定义设置序列化字段,但是必须在fields中声明,在fields中写publish_address

# 出版社显示名称,而不是0,1。。。

publish_address = serializers.CharField(source="get_publisher_display", required=False) # 找到对应中文

# 图片显示全路径

image_path = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

def get_image_path(self, obj):

# settings.MEDIA_URL: 自己配置的 /media/,给后面高级序列化与视图类准备的

# obj.icon不能直接作为数据返回,因为内容虽然是字符串,但是类型是ImageFieldFile类型

return "%s%s%s" % (r"http://127.0.0.1:8000", settings.MEDIA_URL, str(obj.image))

# 自定义虚拟阅读量,原基础增加10

fictitious_bread = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

def get_fictitious_bread(self, obj):

return obj.bread + 10

class Meta:

# 序列化关联的model类

model = models.BookInfo

# 参与序列化的字段

fields = (

"id", "pwd", "publisher", "publish_address", "btitle", "bpub_date", "created_time", "bread",

"fictitious_bread", "bcomment", "image", "image_path")

# 指明只读字段,即仅用于序列化输出的字段

read_only_fields = ("publisher_name", "fictitious_bread", "image_path")

5. 反序列化

class BookInfoModelDeSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

pwd = serializers.CharField(label="密码", required=True)

publisher = serializers.IntegerField(label="出版社", required=False)

btitle = serializers.CharField(label="名称", max_length=20)

bpub_date = serializers.DateField(label="发布日期", required=False)

created_time = serializers.DateTimeField(label="创建时间", required=False)

bread = serializers.IntegerField(label="阅读量", required=True)

bcomment = serializers.IntegerField(label="评论量", required=True)

image = serializers.ImageField(label="图片", required=False)

# 自定义有校验规则的反序列化字段,例如确认密码字段re_pwd

re_pwd = serializers.CharField(required=True)

class Meta:

model = models.BookInfo

# 没有默认值的字段必须序列化,为其传值

fields = ("pwd", "re_pwd", "publisher", "btitle", "bpub_date", "created_time", "bread", "bcomment", "image")

# 局部钩子:validate_要校验的字段名(self, 当前要校验字段的值)

# 校验规则:校验通过返回原值,校验失败,抛出异常

def validate_btitle(self, value):

if "django" not in value.lower():

raise exceptions.ValidationError("validate_btitle-图书不是关于Django的")

return value

# 全局钩子:validate(self, 通过系统与局部钩子校验之后的所有数据)

def validate(self, attrs): # attrs是字典格式

pwd = attrs.get("pwd")

re_pwd = attrs.pop("re_pwd") # 因为re_pwd不需要存入数据库,所以在全局钩子校验中删除掉这个字段

print(re_pwd)

bread = attrs["bread"]

bcomment = attrs["bcomment"]

if pwd != re_pwd:

raise exceptions.ValidationError({"pwd&re_pwd": "两次密码不一致"})

if bread < bcomment:

raise serializers.ValidationError("阅读量小于评论量")

return attrs

# 注意:ModelSerializer类已经帮我们实现了 create 与 update 方法,不需要写create就能创建

6 序列化与反序列化整合

序列化层:api/serializers.py

class BookModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

pwd = serializers.CharField(label="密码", required=True)

publisher = serializers.IntegerField(label="出版社", required=False)

btitle = serializers.CharField(label="名称", max_length=20)

bpub_date = serializers.DateField(label="发布日期", required=False)

created_time = serializers.DateTimeField(label="创建时间", required=False)

bread = serializers.IntegerField(label="阅读量", required=True)

bcomment = serializers.IntegerField(label="评论量", required=True)

image = serializers.ImageField(label="图片", required=False)

# 序列化自定义字段

# 出版社显示名称,而不是0,1。。。

publisher_name = serializers.CharField(source="get_publisher_display", required=False) # 找到对应中文

# 图片显示全路径

image_path = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

# 自定义虚拟阅读量,原基础增加10

fictitious_bread = serializers.SerializerMethodField()

# 反序列化自定义字段

re_pwd = serializers.CharField(required=True, write_only=True)

class Meta:

model = models.BookInfo

fields = "__all__"

# 只读字段

read_only_fields = (

"id", "pwd", "publisher", "publisher_name", "btitle", "bpub_date", "created_time", "bread",

"fictitious_bread", "bcomment", "image", "image_path")

extra_kwargs = {

"pwd": {

"write_only": True

},

"re_pwd": {

"write_only": True

},

"bpub_date": {

"write_only": True

},

"publisher": {

"write_only": True,

},

"img": {

"read_only": True,

},

"created_time": {

"read_only": True,

},

"publish_name": {

"read_only": True,

}

}

def get_image_path(self, obj):

# settings.MEDIA_URL: 自己配置的 /media/,给后面高级序列化与视图类准备的

# obj.icon不能直接作为数据返回,因为内容虽然是字符串,但是类型是ImageFieldFile类型

return "%s%s%s" % (r"http://127.0.0.1:8000", settings.MEDIA_URL, str(obj.image))

def get_fictitious_bread(self, obj):

return obj.bread + 10

# 局部钩子:validate_要校验的字段名(self, 当前要校验字段的值)

# 校验规则:校验通过返回原值,校验失败,抛出异常

def validate_btitle(self, value):

if "django" not in value.lower():

raise exceptions.ValidationError("validate_btitle-图书不是关于Django的")

return value

# 全局钩子:validate(self, 通过系统与局部钩子校验之后的所有数据)

def validate(self, attrs): # attrs是字典格式

pwd = attrs.get("pwd")

re_pwd = attrs.pop("re_pwd") # 因为re_pwd不需要存入数据库,所以在全局钩子校验中删除掉这个字段

print(re_pwd)

bread = attrs["bread"]

bcomment = attrs["bcomment"]

if pwd != re_pwd:

raise exceptions.ValidationError({"pwd&re_pwd": "两次密码不一致"})

if bread < bcomment:

raise serializers.ValidationError("阅读量小于评论量")

return attrs

# 注意:ModelSerializer类已经帮我们实现了 create 与 update 方法,不需要写create就能创建

序列化层注意点:

1) fields中设置所有序列化与反序列化字段

2) extra_kwargs划分只序列化或只反序列化字段(一般我们把需要存入到数据库中的使用write_only(反序列化),只需要展示的就read_only(序列化),看需求设计)

write_only:只反序列化

read_only:只序列化

自定义字段默认只序列化(read_only)

如果字段没设置write_only或者read_only,那么该字段可以序列化和反序列化

3) 设置反序列化所需的 系统、局部钩子、全局钩子 等校验规则

7 ModelSerializer总结

class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):

model字段或自定义字段

class Meta:

model = models.BookInfo # 与BookInfo表对应

# 使用fields来明确字段,__all__表名包含所有字段,也可以写明具体哪些字段

fields=("参与序列化和反序列的字段1","参与序列化和反序列的字段2")

fields = "__all__"

# 使用exclude可以明确排除掉哪些字段

exclude = ("image",)

# 指明只读字段 通过read_only_fields指明只读字段,即仅用于序列化输出的字段

read_only_fields = ("id", "bread", "bcomment")

# 为ModelSerializer添加或修改原有的选项参数

extra_kwargs = {

}

# 局部钩子:validate_要校验的字段名(self, 当前要校验字段的值)

# 校验规则:校验通过返回原值,校验失败,抛出异常

def validate_btitle(self, value):

....

return value

# 全局钩子:validate(self, 通过系统与局部钩子校验之后的所有数据)

def validate(self, attrs): # attrs是字典格式

...

return attrs

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