#第五章：Linux文件类型及查找命令实践
1、文件属性
文件属性是指：
- 文件的大小，创建时间，类型，权限，属组等。
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -lihtotal 4.0K
33574978 -rw-------. 1 root root 1.7K Apr 4 18:09 anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -lih /etc/
total 1.1M
51000206 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 101 Apr 4 18:06 abrt
16881475 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16 Apr 4 18:08 adjtime
16777784 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1.5K Jun 7 2013 aliases
16777285 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Apr 4 18:17 aliases.db
50334171 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 261 Apr 4 18:22 alternatives
16881620 -rw-------. 1 root root 541 Aug 9 2019 anacrontab
17167203 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 55 Aug 8 2019 asound.conf
51150791 drwxr-x---. 3 root root 43 Apr 4 18:06 audisp
17528264 drwxr-x---. 3 root root 83 Apr 4 18:17 audit
50331775 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 79 Apr 4 18:23 bash_completion.d
16777785 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.8K Oct 31 2018 bashrc
34060666 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 18 07:46 binfmt.d
16777318 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 37 Sep 5 2019 centos-release
16777319 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 51 Sep 5 2019 centos-release-upstream
35647 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 4 2017 chkconfig.d
539069 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 36 Apr 4 18:20 cron.d
17167190 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 42 Apr 4 18:06 cron.daily
16881621 -rw-------. 1 root root 0 Aug 9 2019 cron.deny
文件的属性总共10列
16881621 -rw-------. 1 root root 0 Aug 9 2019 cron.deny1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
第一列
- 是文件的唯一标识，也称之为 inode（节点）号
第二列
第一个字符
是指文件类型
- 是代表文件类型为普通文件 （用f表示）
d 是代表文件类型为目录 （用d表示）
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -ld /etc/drwxr-xr-x. 79 root root 8192 Apr 9 17:51 /etc/
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -lp /etc/
total 1076
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 101 Apr 4 18:06 abrt/ #以斜线结尾的都是目录
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16 Apr 4 18:08 adjtime
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1518 Jun 7 2013 aliases
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12288 Apr 4 18:17 aliases.db
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 261 Apr 4 18:22 alternatives/
-rw-------. 1 root root 541 Aug 9 2019 anacrontab
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 55 Aug 8 2019 asound.conf
drwxr-x---. 3 root root 43 Apr 4 18:06 audisp/
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -F /etc/
abrt/ gnupg/ motd sasl2/
adjtime GREP_COLORS mtab@ securetty
aliases groff/ my.cnf security/
#@指的是连接文件
l 是代表文件类型为连接文件（用l表示）
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /etc/rc.locallrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Apr 4 18:22 /etc/rc.local -> rc.d/rc.local
c是代表文件类型为字符设备 （用c表示）
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/ttyS2crw-rw----. 1 root dialout 4, 66 Apr 9 17:51 /dev/ttyS2
b是代表文件类型为连接文件（用b表示）
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/ | grep "^d"drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 140 Apr 9 17:51 block
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 80 Apr 9 17:51 bsg
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 60 Apr 9 17:51 bus
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 2980 Apr 9 17:51 char
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 60 Apr 9 17:51 cpu
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 100 Apr 9 17:51 disk
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 80 Apr 9 17:51 dri
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Apr 9 17:51 hugepages
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 300 Apr 9 17:51 input
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Apr 9 17:51 mapper
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 40 Apr 9 17:51 mqueue
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Apr 9 17:51 net
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Apr 9 17:51 pts
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Apr 9 17:51 raw
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 40 Apr 9 17:51 shm
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 200 Apr 9 17:51 snd
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Apr 9 17:51 vfio
s是代表文件类型为连接文件（用s表示）
- .sock文件也是一类特殊的文件，这类文件通常用在网络之间，进行数据连接，如：我们可以启动一个程序来监听客户端的请求，客户端可以通过套接字来进行数据通信。
- 进程之间通信的文件
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls -l /dev/ | grep "^s"srw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 0 Apr 9 17:51 log
2、查命令所在的路径
which
[root@oldboyedu ~]# which lsalias ls="ls --color=auto"
/usr/bin/ls
[root@oldboyedu ~]# which cp
alias cp="cp -i"
/usr/bin/cp
[root@oldboyedu ~]# which ip
/usr/sbin/ip
[root@oldboyedu ~]# which cd
/usr/bin/cd
3、系统变量（系统查找命令的位置）
- $PATH 超重点
[root@oldboyedu ~]# echo $PATH/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
#系统默认从上面路径查找，以：分割，每分割一次为一个路径
#示例一[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat /usr/bin/cc
echo $1
[root@oldboyedu ~]# chmod +x /usr/bin/cc
[root@oldboyedu ~]# cc sun
sun
[root@oldboyedu ~]# which cc
/usr/bin/cc
4、显示命令及其相关文件全路径
whereis
[root@oldboyedu ~]# whereis lsls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz
[root@oldboyedu ~]# whereis cp
cp: /usr/bin/cp /usr/share/man/man1/cp.1.gz
-b 显示二进制命令文件路径
[root@oldboyedu ~]# whereis -b cpcp: /usr/bin/cp
5、快速定位文件路径
locate
- 查找文件路径，是从数据库查询
[root@oldboyedu ~]# yum provides locate #查看命令所需要的rpm包[root@oldboyedu ~]# yum install mlocate -y
[root@oldboyedu ~]# updatedb #更新库
[root@oldboyedu ~]# locate ls
6、查找目录下的文件
find
- 查找原理：磁盘遍历 速度慢
[root@oldboyedu ~]# touch oldboy.txt[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -name "oldboy.txt"
/root/oldboy.txt
- 模糊查找
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -name "oldboy*"/root/oldboy.txt
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/ -name "ifcfg*"
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
- -type 按文件类型查找
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/ -type f -name "ifcfg-eth0" #f文件/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/ -type d -name "sysconfig" #目录/etc/sysconfig
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/ -type d -name "sys*"
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/sysadm
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/sysadm_secadm
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/sysnetwork
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/sysstat
/etc/selinux/targeted/active/modules/100/systemd
/etc/systemd
/etc/systemd/system
/etc/systemd/system/system-update.target.wants
/etc/systemd/system/sysinit.target.wants
/etc/dbus-1/system.d
/etc/sysctl.d
/etc/sysconfig
/etc/xdg/systemd
/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections
/etc/latrace.d/headers/sysdeps
！取反
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -type f ! -name "ifcfg-eth0"/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-bnep
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-eth
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ippp
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipv6
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-post
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ppp
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-routes
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-sit
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-tunnel
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-bnep
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-eth
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ippp
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-plip
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-plusb
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ppp
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-sit
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-tunnel
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-wireless
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/init.ipv6-global
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-Team
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-TeamPort
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-Team
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-TeamPort
-exec 对查找的动作在处理
- {} 把前面查找到的结果放到这里
- 注意使用这个命令时{}和;中间必须有空格
- 代表转义，这里是把；转换成原本的意思
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -type f -name "oldboy*"/root/oldboy.txt
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -type f -name "oldboy*" -exec rm -f {} ;
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
-mtime 按修改时间查找
- +n 几天之前
- n 几天
- -n 几天之后
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -type f -mtime +3 #三天之前/root/.bash_logout
/root/.bash_profile
/root/.bashrc
/root/.cshrc
/root/.tcshrc
/root/anaconda-ks.cfg
/root/.bash_history
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -type f -mtime +1 #一天之前
/root/.bash_logout
/root/.bash_profile
/root/.bashrc
/root/.cshrc
/root/.tcshrc
/root/anaconda-ks.cfg
/root/.bash_history
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -type f -mtime 3 #第三天
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find ~ -type f -mtime -3 #三天之后
/root/.viminfo
7、分组（默认空格）
xargs
- -n 指定几个为一组
[root@oldboyedu ~]# echo {1..10} > text.txt[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -n 3 < text.txt
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -n 5 < text.txt
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -n 1 < text.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs < text.txt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- -d 指定分隔符
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -n 1 < text.txt > text1.txt[root@oldboyedu ~]# cat text.txt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -d "
" < text1.txt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -d "
" -n 1 < text1.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -d "
" -n 3 < text1.txt
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs < text1.txt1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10
[root@oldboyedu ~]# xargs -d "|" < text1.txt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- | 管道符
- 把管道的左边的结果赋给右边执行
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -type f -name "ifcfg-eth0" | xargs ls -l-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 362 Apr 4 18:08 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
特殊 -i 把{}当做前面只查找的结果
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -type f -name "ifcfg-eth0" | xargs cp {} /opt/cp: target ‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0’ is not a directory
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -type f -name "ifcfg-eth0" | xargs -i cp {} /opt/
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ll /opt/
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 362 Apr 9 19:00 ifcfg-eth0
[root@oldboyedu ~]# find /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ -type f -name "ifcfg-eth0" | xargs -i mv {} /opt/
[root@oldboyedu ~]# ll /opt/
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 362 Apr 4 18:08 ifcfg-eth0
8、显示系统时间和日期
date
-s 设置系统时间
[root@oldboyedu ~]# dateThu Apr 9 19:01:57 CST 2020
[root@oldboyedu ~]# date -s "2020/01/01 00:00:00"
Wed Jan 1 00:00:00 CST 2020
[root@oldboyedu ~]# date
Wed Jan 1 00:00:03 CST 2020
[root@oldboyedu ~]# clock -w #计入到主板里
[root@localhost ~]# date +%F #年月日2020-01-01
[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y #年
2020
[root@localhost ~]# date +%y #年后两位
20
[root@localhost ~]# date +%m #月
01
[root@localhost ~]# date +%d #日
01
[root@localhost ~]# date +%H #时
00
[root@localhost ~]# date +%M #分
02
[root@localhost ~]# date +%S #秒
15
9、打包压缩
- tar
- -z 压缩
- -c 创建
- -v 详情
- -f 文件
- -t 查看
- -C 指定位置解压
- -x 解压
- -h 压缩链接文件
[root@oldboyedu /]# tar -zcvf data.tar.gz ./data./data/
./data/1.txt
./data/2.txt
./data/3.txt
./data/4.txt
./data/5.txt
./data/6.txt
./data/7.txt
./data/8.txt
./data/9.txt
./data/10.txt
./data/a/
./data/b/
[root@oldboyedu /]# tar -zcvf /opt/data.tar.gz ./data
./data/
./data/1.txt
./data/2.txt
./data/3.txt
./data/4.txt
./data/5.txt
./data/6.txt
./data/7.txt
./data/8.txt
./data/9.txt
./data/10.txt
./data/a/
./data/b/
[root@oldboyedu /]# tar -tf /opt/data.tar.gz
./data/
./data/1.txt
./data/2.txt
./data/3.txt
./data/4.txt
./data/5.txt
./data/6.txt
./data/7.txt
./data/8.txt
./data/9.txt
./data/10.txt
./data/a/
./data/b/
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