哦,这就是java的优雅停机?(实现及原理)

java

   优雅停机? 这个名词我是服的,如果抛开专业不谈,多好的名词啊!

  其实优雅停机,就是在要关闭服务之前,不是立马全部关停,而是做好一些善后操作,比如:关闭线程、释放连接资源等。 

  再比如,就是不会让调用方的请求处理了一增,一下就中断了。而处理完本次后,再停止服务。

  Java语言中,我们可以通过Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook()方法来注册钩子,以保证程序平滑退出。(其他语言也类似)

来个栗子:

public class ShutdownGracefulTest {

/**

* 使用线程池处理任务

*/

public static ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();

public static void main(String[] args) {

//假设有5个线程需要执行任务

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){

final int id = i;

Thread taski = new Thread(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : thread_" + id + " start...");

try {

TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(id);

}

catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : thread_" + id + " finish!");

}

});

taski.setDaemon(true);

executorService.submit(taski);

}

Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " No1 shutdown hooking...");

boolean shutdown = true;

try {

executorService.shutdown();

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " shutdown signal got, wait threadPool finish.");

executorService.awaitTermination(1500, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

boolean done = false;

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " all thread's done.");

}

catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

// 尝试再次关闭

if(!executorService.isTerminated()) {

executorService.shutdownNow();

}

}

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " No1 shutdown done...");

}

}));

Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

try {

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " No2 shutdown hooking...");

Thread.sleep(1000);

}

catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() + " : " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " No2 shutdown done...");

}

}));

System.out.println("main method exit...");

System.exit(0);

}

}

运行结果如下:

  很明显,确实是优雅了,虽然最后收到了一关闭信号,但是仍然保证了任务的处理完成。很棒吧!

  那么,在实际应用中是如何体现优雅停机呢?

kill -15 pid 


通过该命令发送一个关闭信号给到jvm, 然后就开始执行 Shutdown Hook 了,你可以做很多:
  1. 关闭 socket 链接
  2. 清理临时文件
  3. 发送消息通知给订阅方,告知自己下线
  4. 将自己将要被销毁的消息通知给子进程
  5. 各种资源的释放
  ...

  而在平时工作中,我们不乏看到很多运维同学,是这么干的:

kill -9 pid

  如果这么干的话,jvm也无法了,kill -9 相当于一次系统宕机,系统断电。这会给应用杀了个措手不及,没有留给应用任何反应的机会。
  所以,无论如何是优雅不起来了。

  要优雅,是代码和运维的结合!

其中,线程池的关闭方式为:

executorService.shutdown();

executorService.awaitTermination(1500, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

  ThreadPoolExecutor 在 shutdown 之后会变成 SHUTDOWN 状态,无法接受新的任务,随后等待正在执行的任务执行完成。意味着,shutdown 只是发出一个命令,至于有没有关闭还是得看线程自己。
  ThreadPoolExecutor 对于 shutdownNow 的处理则不太一样,方法执行之后变成 STOP 状态,并对执行中的线程调用 Thread.interrupt() 方法(但如果线程未处理中断,则不会有任何事发生),所以并不代表“立刻关闭”。
    shutdown() :启动顺序关闭,其中执行先前提交的任务,但不接受新任务。如果已经关闭,则调用没有附加效果。此方法不等待先前提交的任务完成执行。
    shutdownNow():尝试停止所有正在执行的任务,停止等待任务的处理,并返回正在等待执行的任务的列表。当从此方法返回时,这些任务将从任务队列中耗尽(删除)。此方法不等待主动执行的任务终止。

    executor.awaitTermination(this.awaitTerminationSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)); 控制等待的时间,防止任务无限期的运行(前面已经强调过了,即使是 shutdownNow 也不能保证线程一定停止运行)。


注意:
  虚拟机会对多个shutdownhook以未知的顺序调用,都执行完后再退出。
  如果接收到 kill -15 pid 命令时,执行阻塞操作,可以做到等待任务执行完成之后再关闭 JVM。同时,也解释了一些应用执行 kill -15 pid 无法退出的问题,如:中断被阻塞了,或者hook运行了死循环代码。

实现原理:

Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(hook);        // 添加钩子,开启优雅之路

// 具体流程如下:

    /**

* Registers a new virtual-machine shutdown hook.

*

* @param hook

* An initialized but unstarted <tt>{@link Thread}</tt> object

*

* @throws IllegalArgumentException

* If the specified hook has already been registered,

* or if it can be determined that the hook is already running or

* has already been run

*

* @throws IllegalStateException

* If the virtual machine is already in the process

* of shutting down

*

* @throws SecurityException

* If a security manager is present and it denies

* <tt>{@link RuntimePermission}("shutdownHooks")</tt>

*

* @see #removeShutdownHook

* @see #halt(int)

* @see #exit(int)

* @since 1.3

*/

public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook) {

SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();

if (sm != null) {

sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("shutdownHooks"));

}

// 添加到 application 中

ApplicationShutdownHooks.add(hook);

}

// java.lang.ApplicationShutdownHooks.add(hook);

static synchronized void add(Thread hook) {

if(hooks == null)

throw new IllegalStateException("Shutdown in progress");

if (hook.isAlive())

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hook already running");

if (hooks.containsKey(hook))

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hook previously registered");

// hooks 以map类型保存, k->k 形式存储,保证每一个钩子都是独立的

hooks.put(hook, hook);

}

// java.lang.ApplicationShutdownHooks 会先注册一个静态块,添加一个任务到 Shutdown 中

/* The set of registered hooks */

private static IdentityHashMap<Thread, Thread> hooks;

static {

try {

Shutdown.add(1 /* shutdown hook invocation order */,

false /* not registered if shutdown in progress */,

new Runnable() {

public void run() {

// 即当该任务被调用时,调用自身的运行方法,使所有注册的 hook 运行起来

runHooks();

}

}

);

hooks = new IdentityHashMap<>();

} catch (IllegalStateException e) {

// application shutdown hooks cannot be added if

// shutdown is in progress.

hooks = null;

}

}

// runHooks 执行所有钩子线程,进行异步调用

/* Iterates over all application hooks creating a new thread for each

* to run in. Hooks are run concurrently and this method waits for

* them to finish.

*/

static void runHooks() {

Collection<Thread> threads;

synchronized(ApplicationShutdownHooks.class) {

threads = hooks.keySet();

hooks = null;

}

for (Thread hook : threads) {

hook.start();

}

for (Thread hook : threads) {

try {

// 阻塞等待所有完成

hook.join();

} catch (InterruptedException x) { }

}

}

到现在为止,我们已经知道关闭钩子是如何执行的,但是,还不是知道,该钩子是何时触发?

    // java.lang.Shutdown.add() 该方法会jvm主动调用,从而触发 后续钩子执行

/* Invoked by the JNI DestroyJavaVM procedure when the last non-daemon

* thread has finished. Unlike the exit method, this method does not

* actually halt the VM.

*/

static void shutdown() {

synchronized (lock) {

switch (state) {

case RUNNING: /* Initiate shutdown */

state = HOOKS;

break;

case HOOKS: /* Stall and then return */

case FINALIZERS:

break;

}

}

synchronized (Shutdown.class) {

// 执行序列

sequence();

}

}

// 而 sequence() 则会调用 runHooks(), 调用自定义的钩子任务

private static void sequence() {

synchronized (lock) {

/* Guard against the possibility of a daemon thread invoking exit

* after DestroyJavaVM initiates the shutdown sequence

*/

if (state != HOOKS) return;

}

runHooks();

boolean rfoe;

synchronized (lock) {

state = FINALIZERS;

rfoe = runFinalizersOnExit;

}

if (rfoe) runAllFinalizers();

}

// 执行钩子,此处最多允许注册 10 个钩子,且进行同步调用,当然这是最顶级的钩子,钩子下还可以添加钩子,可以任意添加n个

private static void runHooks() {

for (int i=0; i < MAX_SYSTEM_HOOKS; i++) {

try {

Runnable hook;

synchronized (lock) {

// acquire the lock to make sure the hook registered during

// shutdown is visible here.

currentRunningHook = i;

hook = hooks[i];

}

// 同步调用注册的hook, 即 前面看到 ApplicationShutdownHooks.runHooks()

if (hook != null) hook.run();

} catch(Throwable t) {

if (t instanceof ThreadDeath) {

ThreadDeath td = (ThreadDeath)t;

throw td;

}

}

}

}

如此,整个关闭流程完美了。

简化为: 

  1. 注册流程(应用主动调用)
    Runtime.addShutdownHook -> ApplicationShutdownHooks.add()/static -> java.lang.Shutdown.add()/shutdown()
  2. 执行流程(jvm自动调用)
    java.lang.Shutdown.shutdown()->sequence()->runHooks() -> ApplicationShutdownHooks.runHooks() -> hooks 最终

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