Python 字典 (dict)

python

作者博文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/liu-shuai/

字典是Python语言中唯一的映射类型。字典对象是可变的,它是一个容器类型,支持异构、任意嵌套。

创建字典

  语法:{key1:val1,key2:val2,.....}

  dict1 = {}      #创建空字典

  dict2 = {'n1':'liush','n2':'spirit','n3':'tester'}

  使用函数dict创建字典

1 >>>D = dict(name='spititman',age=28,gender='M')

2 >>>print D

3 {'gender': 'M', 'age': 28, 'name': 'spititman'}

  使用zip和dict创建字典

 1 zip语法:

2 zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)]

3 实例展示:

4 >>>L = zip('xyz','123')

5 >>>print L

6 [('x', '1'), ('y', '2'), ('z', '3')]

7

8 >>>L = zip('xyz','123','abc')

9 >>>print L

10 [('x', '1', 'a'), ('y', '2', 'b'), ('z', '3', 'c')]

11 ################################################################################

12 >>>D = dict(zip('xyz','123'))

13 >>>print D

14 {'y': '2', 'x': '1', 'z': '3'}

15

16 >>>D = dict(zip('xyz','123','abc'))

17 >>>print D

18 ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 3; 2 is required

字典常用操作及实例展示

  可以使用dir(dict)查看字典支持的操作方法

clear

  功能:清空字典所有元素

  语法:D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D

  实例展示:

1 >>>D = {'n1':'liush','n2':'spirit','n3':'tester'}

2 >>>D.clear()

3 >>>print D

4 {}

copy

  功能:浅复制字典。

  语法:D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D

  实例展示:

1 >>>D = {'n1':'liush','n2':'spirit','n3':'tester'}

2 >>>id(D)

3 140388211911208

4 >>>D1 = D.copy()

5 >>>print D1

6 {'n1': 'liush', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

7 >>>id(D1)

8 140388110074776

fromkeys

  功能:用于创建一个新字典,以序列S中的元素作为字典的键,v为新字典中所有键对应的初始值,默认为none。

  语法:dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.v defaults to None

  实例展示:

1 >>>L = ['spirit','man','liush']

2 >>>D_L = dict.fromkeys(L)

3 >>>print D_L

4 {'liush': None, 'spirit': None, 'man': None}

5 ########################################################

6 >>>D_L = dict.fromkeys(L,'test')

7 >>>print D_L

8 {'liush': 'test', 'spirit': 'test', 'man': 'test'}

get

  功能:获取指定键的值

  语法:D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>D1 = D.get('n4')

3 >>>print D1

4 none #n4不在字典D中,返回默认值none

5 ##########################################################

6 >>>D2 = D.get('n4','check')

7 >>>print D2

8 check #n4不在字典D中,返回指定值check

9 ##########################################################

10 >>>D3 = D.get('n2')

11 >>>print D3

12 spirit #n2在字典D中,返回n2对应的值

13 ##########################################################

14 >>>D4 = D.get('n2','check')

15 >>>print D4

16 spirit #n2在字典D中,指定值无效,依然返回其对应值

has_key

  功能:判断字典中是否存在指定键

  语法:D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False

  实例展示:

1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>D.has_key('n4')

3 False

4 ######################################################

5 >>>D.has_key('n2')

6 True

items

  功能:返回以字典中的键值对组成的元组作为元素的列表

  语法:D.items() ->  list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples

  实例展示:

1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>L = D.items()

3 >>>print L

4 [('n1', 'liushuai'), ('n2', 'spirit'), ('n3', 'tester')]

5 >>>type(L)

6 <type 'list'>

iteritems

  功能:对以字典中的键值对组成的元组进行迭代,可用于for循环

  语法:D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>L = D.iteritems()

3 >>>print L

4 <dictionary-itemiterator object at 0x7faea6c97158> #生成一个迭代器地址

5 >>>L.next()              #开始迭代

6 ('n1', 'liushuai')

7 >>>L.next()

8 ('n2', 'spirit')

9 >>>L.next()

10 ('n3', 'tester')

11 >>>L.next()              #迭代完成后报错

12 Traceback (most recent call last):

13 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

14 StopIteration

15 #########################################################################

16 >>>for i in D.iteritems():      #使用for循环遍历

17 ... print i
18 ...

19 ('n1', 'liushuai')

20 ('n2', 'spirit')

21 ('n3', 'tester')

iterkeys

  功能:对字典中的键进行迭代(遍历)

  语法:D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>L = D.itervalues()

3 >>>print L

4 <dictionary-keyiterator object at 0x7faea6c971b0>

5 >>>L.next()

6 'n1'

7 >>>L.next()

8 'n2'

9 >>>L.next()

10 'n3'

11 >>>L.next()

12 Traceback (most recent call last):

13 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

14 StopIteration

15 #############################################################

16 >>>for i in D.iterkeys():

17 ... print i

18 ...

19 n1

20 n2

21 n3

itervalues

  功能:对字典中的键进行迭代(遍历)

  语法:D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>L = D.itervalues()

3 >>>print L

4 <dictionary-valueiterator object at 0x7faea6c97208>

5 >>>L.next()

6 'liushuai'

7 >>>L.next()

8 'spirit'

9 >>>L.next()

10 'tester'

11 >>>L.next()

12 Traceback (most recent call last):

13 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

14 StopIteration

15 #############################################################

16 >>>for i in D.itervalues():

17 ... print i

18 ...

19 liushuai

20 spirit

21 tester

keys

  功能:以列表的形式返回所有键

  语法:D.keys() -> list of D's keys

  实例展示:

1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>L = D.keys()

3 >>>print L

4 ['n1','n2','n3']

pop

  功能:从字典中删除指定的键,返回其对应的值。

  语法:D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>D.pop('n4')        #指定的键不存在,返回报错

3 Traceback (most recent call last):

4 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

5 ##################################################

6 KeyError: 'n4'        #指定的键不存在,返回指定的值

7 >>>D.pop('n4','check')

8 'check'

9 ##################################################

10 >>>D.pop('n2')     #指定的键存在,返回其对应值

11 'spirit'

12 ##################################################

13 >>>D.pop('n3','check')   #指定的键存在,指定值无效,依然返回其对应值

14 'tester'

15 ##################################################

popitem

  功能:随机删除字典的键值对并以元组的形式返回

  语法:D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
    2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>D.popitem()

3 ('n1', 'liushuai')

4 >>>D.popitem()

5 ('n2', 'spirit')

6 >>>D.popitem()

7 ('n3', 'tester')

8 >>>D.popitem() #当字典为空时,抛出异常。

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'

setdefault

  功能:查找键值。若键不在字典中,将会添加键并将值设定为默认值

  语法:D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 ##指定的键存在,则返回其对应的值,原字典不变

3 >>>D.setdefault('n2')

4 'spirit'

5 >>>print D

6 {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

7 #######################################################################

8 ##指定的键不存在,则修改原字典,该键对应的值默认为none

9 >>>D.setdefault('n4')

10 >>>print D

11 {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester', 'n4': None}

12 #######################################################################

13 ##指定的键不存在,则修改原字典,该键对应的值为指定值

14 >>>D.setdefault('n5','check')

15 >>>print D

16 {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester', 'n4': None, 'n5': 'check'}

update

  功能:以字典或迭代器更新原字典

  语法: D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]

  实例展示:

 1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>D1 = {'n1':'liush','n4':'Jerry'}

3 >>>D2 = {1:'IT',2:'SALE'}

4 #键相同时,则其对应的原字典的值将被覆盖

5 >>>D.update(D1)

6 {'n1': 'liush', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester', 'n4': 'Jerry'}

7 ####################################################

8 #键不同时,则追加

9 >>>D.update(D2)

10 {1: 'IT', 2: 'SALE', 'n1': 'liush', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester', 'n4': 'Jerry'}

values

  功能:以列表的形式返回所有值

  语法:D.values() -> list of D's values

  实例展示:

1 >>>D = {'n1': 'liushuai', 'n2': 'spirit', 'n3': 'tester'}

2 >>>L = D.values()

3 >>>print L

4 ['liushuai', 'spirit', 'tester']

作者博文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/liu-shuai/

以上是 Python 字典 (dict) 的全部内容, 来源链接: utcz.com/z/388333.html

回到顶部