Python基础之【第二篇】
一、作用域
对作用域来说，只要变量在内存里面存在就可以使用:
1 if 1==1:2 name = 'saneri'
3 print name
二、三元运算
result = 值1 if 条件 else 值2
如果条件为真：result = 值1
如果条件为假：result = 值2
实例：
a = 1b = 2
c = a if a > 1 else b # 如果a大于1的话，c=a，否则c=b
三、进制
- 二进制，01
- 八进制，01234567
- 十进制，0123456789
- 十六进制，0123456789ABCDE
对于Python 一切事物都是对象，对象基于类创建.类里面保存了对象的方法和功能:
通过type可以查看对象的类型
dir（类型名）查看类中提供的所有功能
help(类型名) 查看类中所有详细的功能
help（类型名.功能名） 查看类中某功能的详细信息.
dir(list)私有方法'__add__', '__class__', '__contains__' 可能有多种执行方式
非内置方法： 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert' 只有一种执行方式，通过对象.方法来调用.
一、整数
创建数字方法
i = 10
i = int(10)
i = int("10",base=2)
1 divmod(10,3) 求商和余数 ---》分页2 all() 接收一个序列，判断，所有值都是真，返回真，负责返回假.
3 any() 只要有一个是真，就是真.
class int(object):"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
"""
def bit_length(self):
""" 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
"""
int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
pass
def __abs__(self):
""" 返回绝对值 """
""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
pass
def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __and__(self, y):
""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
pass
def __cmp__(self, y):
""" 比较两个数大小 """
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass
def __coerce__(self, y):
""" 强制生成一个元组 """
""" x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
pass
def __divmod__(self, y):
""" 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """
""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
pass
def __div__(self, y):
""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __float__(self):
""" 转换为浮点类型 """
""" x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """
pass
def __hash__(self):
"""如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __hex__(self):
""" 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
""" x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
pass
def __index__(self):
""" 用于切片，数字无意义 """
""" x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
""" 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """
"""
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self):
""" 转换为整数 """
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
pass
def __invert__(self):
""" x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
pass
def __long__(self):
""" 转换为长整数 """
""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
pass
def __lshift__(self, y):
""" x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, y):
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
pass
def __neg__(self):
""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __nonzero__(self):
""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
pass
def __oct__(self):
""" 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
""" x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
pass
def __or__(self, y):
""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
pass
def __pos__(self):
""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
""" 幂，次方 """
""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __radd__(self, y):
""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
pass
def __rand__(self, y):
""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __repr__(self):
"""转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __str__(self):
"""转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, y):
""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
pass
def __ror__(self, y):
""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
pass
def __rshift__(self, y):
""" x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
pass
def __rsub__(self, y):
""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):
""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __rxor__(self, y):
""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
pass
def __sub__(self, y):
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
pass
def __truediv__(self, y):
""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
pass
def __xor__(self, y):
""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分母 = 1 """
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 虚数，无意义 """
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 分子 = 数字大小 """
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
""" 实属，无意义 """
"""the real part of a complex number"""
int
二、长整型
可能如：2147483649、9223372036854775807
每个长整型都具备如下功能：
class long(object):"""
long(x=0) -> long
long(x, base=10) -> long
Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4L
"""
def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
long.bit_length() -> int or long
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37L)
'0b100101'
>>> (37L).bit_length()
6
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """
pass
def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
pass
def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
pass
def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass
def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
pass
def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
pass
def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
pass
def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
pass
def __init__(self, x=0): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
pass
def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
pass
def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
pass
def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
pass
def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
pass
def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
pass
def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
pass
def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
pass
def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
pass
def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
pass
def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
pass
def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
pass
def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
pass
def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns size in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
pass
def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the real part of a complex number"""
long
三、浮点型
如：3.14、2.88
每个浮点型都具备如下功能：
class float(object):"""
float(x) -> floating point number
Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.
"""
def as_integer_ratio(self):
""" 获取改值的最简比 """
"""
float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)
Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
float and with a positive denominator.
Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
>>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)
>>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
(-1, 4)
"""
pass
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """
pass
def fromhex(self, string):
""" 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """
"""
float.fromhex(string) -> float
Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
>>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
2047.984375
>>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
-4.9406564584124654e-324
"""
return 0.0
def hex(self):
""" 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """
"""
float.hex() -> string
Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
>>> (-0.1).hex()
'-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
>>> 3.14159.hex()
'0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
"""
return ""
def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if the float is an integer. """
pass
def __abs__(self):
""" x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
pass
def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass
def __coerce__(self, y):
""" x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
pass
def __divmod__(self, y):
""" x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
pass
def __div__(self, y):
""" x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __eq__(self, y):
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass
def __float__(self):
""" x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
pass
def __format__(self, format_spec):
"""
float.__format__(format_spec) -> string
Formats the float according to format_spec.
"""
return ""
def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass
def __getformat__(self, typestr):
"""
float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string
You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be
used in Python's test suite.
typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. This function returns whichever of
'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the
format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr.
"""
return ""
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __ge__(self, y):
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass
def __gt__(self, y):
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass
def __hash__(self):
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass
def __init__(self, x):
pass
def __int__(self):
""" x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
pass
def __le__(self, y):
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass
def __long__(self):
""" x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
pass
def __lt__(self, y):
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass
def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass
def __mul__(self, y):
""" x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
pass
def __neg__(self):
""" x.__neg__() <==> -x """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass
def __ne__(self, y):
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass
def __nonzero__(self):
""" x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
pass
def __pos__(self):
""" x.__pos__() <==> +x """
pass
def __pow__(self, y, z=None):
""" x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __radd__(self, y):
""" x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
pass
def __rdiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __repr__(self):
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, y):
""" x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
pass
def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass
def __rmul__(self, y):
""" x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
pass
def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):
""" y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
pass
def __rsub__(self, y):
""" x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, y):
""" x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
pass
def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt):
"""
float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None
You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be
used in Python's test suite.
typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. fmt must be one of 'unknown',
'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be
one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.
Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.
This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings.
"""
pass
def __str__(self):
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass
def __sub__(self, y):
""" x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
pass
def __truediv__(self, y):
""" x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """
pass
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the real part of a complex number"""
float
_hash__ 在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键__hex__ """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """
__oct__ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """
四、字符串
如：'saneri'、'abcd'
每个字符串都具备如下功能：
1 """2 str(object='') -> string
3
4 Return a nice string representation of the object.
5 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
6 """
7 def capitalize(self):
8 """ 首字母变大写 """
9 """
10 S.capitalize() -> string
11
12 Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
13 capitalized.
14 """
15 return ""
16
17 def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
18 """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
19 """
20 S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
21 >>> s = "alex"
22 >>> s.center(30, "*")
23 '*************alex*************'
24 Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
25 done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
26 """
27 return ""
28
29 def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
30 """ 子序列个数 """
31 """
32 S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
33 s.count("a",0,5) start，end找，下标的位置
34 Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
35 string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
36 as in slice notation.
37 """
38 return 0
39
40 def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
41 """ 解码"""
42 """
43 S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
44
45 Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
46 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
47 handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
48 a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
49 as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
50 able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
51 """
52 return object()
53
54 def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
55 """ 编码，针对unicode """
56 """
57 S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
58
59 Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
60 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
61 handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
62 a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
63 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
64 codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
65 """
66 return object()
67
68 def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
69 """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
70 """
71 S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
72
73 Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
74 With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
75 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
76 suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
77 """
78 return False
79
80 def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
81 """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
82 """
83 S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
84
85 Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
86 If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
87 """
88 return ""
89
90 def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
91 """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """
92 """
93 S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
94
95 Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
96 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
97 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
98
99 Return -1 on failure.
100 """
101 return 0
102
103 def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
104 """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
105 """
106 S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
107
108 Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
109 The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
110 """
111 pass
112
113 def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
114 """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1 """
115 S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
116
117 Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
118 """
119 return 0
120
121 def isalnum(self):
122 """ 是否是字母和数字 """
123 """
124 S.isalnum() -> bool
125
126 Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
127 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
128 """
129 return False
130
131 def isalpha(self):
132 """ 是否是字母 """
133 """
134 S.isalpha() -> bool
135
136 Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
137 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
138 """
139 return False
140
141 def isdigit(self):
142 """ 是否是数字 """
143 """
144 S.isdigit() -> bool
145
146 Return True if all characters in S are digits
147 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
148 """
149 return False
150
151 def islower(self):
152 """ 是否小写 """
153 """
154 S.islower() -> bool
155
156 Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
157 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
158 """
159 return False
160
161 def isspace(self):
162 """
163 S.isspace() -> bool
164
165 Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
166 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
167 """
168 return False
169
170 def istitle(self):
171 """
172 S.istitle() -> bool
173
174 Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
175 character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
176 characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
177 otherwise.
178 """
179 return False
180
181 def isupper(self):
182 """
183 S.isupper() -> bool
184
185 Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
186 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
187 """
188 return False
189
190 def join(self, iterable):
191 """ 连接 """
192 """
193 S.join(iterable) -> string
194
195 Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
196 iterable. The separator between elements is S.
197 """
198 return ""
199
200 def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
201 """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
202 """
203 S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
204
205 Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
206 done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
207 """
208 return ""
209
210 def lower(self):
211 """ 变小写 """
212 """
213 S.lower() -> string
214
215 Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
216 """
217 return ""
218
219 def lstrip(self, chars=None):
220 """ 移除左侧空白 """
221 """
222 S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
223
224 Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
225 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
226 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
227 """
228 return ""
229
230 def partition(self, sep):
231 """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
232 """
233 S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
234
235 Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
236 the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
237 found, return S and two empty strings.
238 """
239 pass
240
241 def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
242 """ 替换 """
243 """
244 S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
245
246 Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
247 old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
248 given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
249 """
250 return ""
251
252 def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
253 """
254 S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
255
256 Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
257 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
258 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
259
260 Return -1 on failure.
261 """
262 return 0
263
264 def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
265 """
266 S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
267
268 Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
269 """
270 return 0
271
272 def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
273 """
274 S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
275
276 Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
277 done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
278 """
279 return ""
280
281 def rpartition(self, sep):
282 """
283 S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
284
285 Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
286 the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
287 separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
288 """
289 pass
290
291 def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
292 """
293 S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
294
295 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
296 delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
297 to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
298 done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
299 is a separator.
300 """
301 return []
302
303 def rstrip(self, chars=None):
304 """
305 S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
306
307 Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
308 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
309 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
310 """
311 return ""
312
313 def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
314 """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
315 """
316 S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
317
318 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
319 delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
320 splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
321 whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
322 from the result.
323 """
324 return []
325
326 def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
327 """ 根据换行分割 """
328 """
329 S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
330
331 Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
332 Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
333 is given and true.
334 """
335 return []
336
337 def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
338 """ 是否起始 """
339 """
340 S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
341
342 Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
343 With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
344 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
345 prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
346 """
347 return False
348
349 def strip(self, chars=None):
350 """ 移除两端空白 """
351 """
352 S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
353
354 Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
355 whitespace removed.
356 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
357 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
358 """
359 return ""
360
361 def swapcase(self):
362 """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
363 """
364 S.swapcase() -> string
365
366 Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
367 converted to lowercase and vice versa.
368 """
369 return ""
370
371 def title(self):
372 """
373 S.title() -> string
374
375 Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
376 characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
377 """
378 return ""
379
380 def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
381 """
382 转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
383 intab = "aeiou"
384 outtab = "12345"
385 trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
386 str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
387 print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
388 """
389
390 """
391 S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
392
393 Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
394 in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
395 remaining characters have been mapped through the given
396 translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
397 If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
398 the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
399 """
400 return ""
401
402 def upper(self):
403 """
404 S.upper() -> string
405
406 Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
407 """
408 return ""
409
410 def zfill(self, width):
411 """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
412 """
413 S.zfill(width) -> string
414
415 Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
416 of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
417 """
418 return ""
419
420 def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
421 pass
422
423 def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
424 pass
425
426 def __add__(self, y):
427 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
428 pass
429
430 def __contains__(self, y):
431 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
432 pass
433
434 def __eq__(self, y):
435 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
436 pass
437
438 def __format__(self, format_spec):
439 """
440 S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
441
442 Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
443 """
444 return ""
445
446 def __getattribute__(self, name):
447 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
448 pass
449
450 def __getitem__(self, y):
451 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
452 pass
453
454 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
455 pass
456
457 def __getslice__(self, i, j):
458 """
459 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
460
461 Use of negative indices is not supported.
462 """
463 pass
464
465 def __ge__(self, y):
466 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
467 pass
468
469 def __gt__(self, y):
470 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
471 pass
472
473 def __hash__(self):
474 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
475 pass
476
477 def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
478 """
479 str(object='') -> string
480
481 Return a nice string representation of the object.
482 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
483 # (copied from class doc)
484 """
485 pass
486
487 def __len__(self):
488 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
489 pass
490
491 def __le__(self, y):
492 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
493 pass
494
495 def __lt__(self, y):
496 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
497 pass
498
499 def __mod__(self, y):
500 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
501 pass
502
503 def __mul__(self, n):
504 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
505 pass
506
507 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
508 def __new__(S, *more):
509 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
510 pass
511
512 def __ne__(self, y):
513 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
514 pass
515
516 def __repr__(self):
517 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
518 pass
519
520 def __rmod__(self, y):
521 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
522 pass
523
524 def __rmul__(self, n):
525 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
526 pass
527
528 def __sizeof__(self):
529 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
530 pass
531
532 def __str__(self):
533 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
534 pass
535
536 str
str
五、列表
List是处理和存放一组数据的列表
如：[11,22,33]、['saneri', 'alex']
每个列表都具备如下功能：
List操作包含以下函数:
cmp(list1, list2)： 比较两个列表的元素,两个元素相同返回0，前大后小返回1，前小后大返回-1
len(list)： 列表元素个数
max(list)： 返回列表元素最大值
min(list)： 返回列表元素最小值
list('var')： 将元素转换为列表
del L[1] 删除指定下标的元素
del L[1:3] 删除指定下标范围的元素
List操作包含以下方法:
L.append('var') append方法用于在列表的尾部追加元素，参数'var'是插入元素的值
L.insert(index,'var') 用于将对象插入到列表中，俩个参数，第一个是索引位置，第二个插入的元素对象.
L.pop() 返回列表最后一个元素，并从List中删除.
Lpop(index) 返回列表索引的元素，并删除.
L.count(var) 该元素在列表中出现的个数
L.index('var') 取出元素的位置(下标)，无则抛出异常.
L.remove('var') remove方法用于从列表中移除第一次的值(值如果有重复则删除第一个)
L.sort() 排序
L.reverse() 倒序
L.extend(list1) extend方法用于将两个列表合并，将list1列表的值添加到L列表的后面。
Python列表脚本操作符:
List 中 + 和 * 的操作符与字符串相似。+ 号用于组合列表，* 号用于重复列表。
Python列表截取:
Python的列表截取与字符串操作类型，如下所示:
L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!','xusandu']
实例：
1 >>> ShoppingList = ['car','clothers','iphone'] //定义列表2 >>> ShoppingList.append('Alex') //在列表中插入'Alex'字符
3 >>> ShoppingList //查看列表
4 ['car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex']
5 >>> ShoppingList.insert(0,'top') //在列表下标为零处(即列表第一个元素)，插入‘top’元素
6 >>> ShoppingList
7 ['top', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex']
8 >>>
9 >>> ShoppingList[0] //查看下标为零的元素
10 'top'
11 >>> ShoppingList[2] //查看下标为2的元素
12 'clothers'
13 >>> ShoppingList[0] = 'car' //将下标为0的元素(即‘top’字符)替换为‘car’
14 >>> ShoppingList
15 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone', 'Alex']
16 >>> ShoppingList.pop() //列表最后一个元素(Alex)，并从List中删除掉
17 'Alex'
18 >>> ShoppingList
19 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'iphone']
20 >>>
21 >>> ShoppingList.remove('iphone') //从列表中移除'iphone'元素
22 >>> ShoppingList
23 ['car', 'car', 'clothers']
24 >>>
25 >>> ShoppingList.append('rain')
26 >>> ShoppingList.count('car') //统计列表中元素'car'的个数
27 2
28 >>> 'car' in ShoppingList //List列表中查找'car'元素，如果存在则返回Ture
29 True
30 >>>
31 >>> ShoppingList
32 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'rain']
33 >>> ShoppingList.index('rain')
34 3
35 >>> ShoppingList
36 ['car', 'car', 'clothers', 'rain']
37 >>> del ShoppingList[0] //使用del 函数删除List中下标为0的元素.
38 >>> ShoppingList
39 ['car', 'clothers', 'rain']
40 >>>
六、元组(tuple)
不可变序列-----元组 tuple
元组通过圆括号中用逗号分隔的项目定义,不可以添加和删除元组.
如：(11,22,33)、('saneri', 'alex')
每个元组都具备如下功能：connt,index
1 >>> name_tuple = ('a','b','c','a','b')2 >>> type(name_tuple)
3 <type 'tuple'>
4 >>> name_tuple.count('a')
5 2
6 >>> name_tuple.index('b') //获取b元素下标位置.
7 1
七、字典
字典是Python语言中唯一的映射类型。
映射类型对象里哈希值（键，key）和指向的对象（值，value）是一对多的的关系，通常被认为是可变的哈希表。
字典对象是可变的，它是一个容器类型，能存储任意个数的Python对象，其中也可包括其他容器类型。
技巧：
字典中包含列表：dict = {"ZhangSan" : ['23','IT'],"Lisi" : ['22','dota']}
字典中包含字典：dict = {"Wangwu" : {"age" : 23,"job":"IT"},"Song" : {"age":22,"job":"dota"}}
Dict 操作包含以下方法:
D = {"ZhangSan" : ['23','IT'],"Lisi" : ['22','dota']}
D.clear() 清空字典D中的内容
D.keys() 查看字典所有主键
D.values() 查看字典所有value内容
D.popitem() 默认删除第一个键值
D.has_key('rain') 查询字典中是否有某个键
D['James'] = '23' 添加新item到字典
str(D) 输出字典可打印的字符串表示
del D['rain'] 删除item
cmp(a,b) 首先比较主键长度，然后比较键大小，然后比较键值大小，（第一个大返回1，小返回-1，一样返回0）
D.fromkeys(seq[, value])) fromkeys()方法从序列键和值设置为value来创建一个新的字典。实例如下：
1 seq = ('name', 'age', 'sex') 2 dict = dict.fromkeys(seq)
3 print "New Dictionary : %s" % str(dict)
4
5 dict = dict.fromkeys(seq, 10)
6 print "New Dictionary : %s" % str(dict)
7
8 当我们运行上面的程序，它会产生以下结果：
9 New Dictionary : {'age': None, 'name': None, 'sex': None}
10 New Dictionary : {'age': 10, 'name': 10, 'sex': 10}
fromkeys方法
setdefault() setdefault() 函数和get()方法类似, 如果键不已经存在于字典中，将会添加键并将值设为默认值。
1 dict.setdefault(key, default=None)2 key -- 查找的键值.
3
4 default -- 键不存在时，设置的默认键值。
5 dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7}
6
7 print "Value : %s" % dict.setdefault('Age', None)
8 print "Value : %s" % dict.setdefault('Sex', None)
9 以上实例输出结果为：
10 Value : 7
11 Value : None
setdefault
每个字典具备如下功能：
1 class dict(object):2 """
3 dict() -> new empty dictionary
4 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
5 (key, value) pairs
6 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
7 d = {}
8 for k, v in iterable:
9 d[k] = v
10 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
11 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
12 """
13
14 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
15 """ 清除内容 """
16 """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
17 pass
18
19 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
20 """ 浅拷贝 """
21 """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
22 pass
23
24 @staticmethod # known case
25 def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
26 """
27 dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
28 v defaults to None.
29 """
30 pass
31
32 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
33 """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
34 """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
35 pass
36
37 def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
38 """ 是否有key """
39 """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
40 return False
41
42 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
43 """ 所有项的列表形式 """
44 """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
45 return []
46
47 def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
48 """ 项可迭代 """
49 """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
50 pass
51
52 def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
53 """ key可迭代 """
54 """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
55 pass
56
57 def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
58 """ value可迭代 """
59 """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
60 pass
61
62 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
63 """ 所有的key列表 """
64 """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
65 return []
66
67 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
68 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
69 """
70 D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
71 If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
72 """
73 pass
74
75 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
76 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
77 """
78 D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
79 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
80 """
81 pass
82
83 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
84 """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
85 """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
86 pass
87
88 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
89 """ 更新
90 {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
91 [('name','sbsbsb'),]
92 """
93 """
94 D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
95 If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
96 If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
97 In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
98 """
99 pass
100
101 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
102 """ 所有的值 """
103 """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
104 return []
105
106 def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
107 """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
108 """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
109 pass
110
111 def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
112 """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
113 pass
114
115 def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
116 """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
117 pass
118
119 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
120 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
121 pass
122
123 def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
124 """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
125 return False
126
127 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
128 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
129 pass
130
131 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
132 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
133 pass
134
135 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
136 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
137 pass
138
139 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
140 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
141 pass
142
143 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
144 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
145 pass
146
147 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
148 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
149 pass
150
151 def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
152 """
153 dict() -> new empty dictionary
154 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
155 (key, value) pairs
156 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
157 d = {}
158 for k, v in iterable:
159 d[k] = v
160 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
161 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
162 # (copied from class doc)
163 """
164 pass
165
166 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
168 pass
169
170 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
171 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
172 pass
173
174 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
175 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
176 pass
177
178 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
179 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
180 pass
181
182 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
183 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
184 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
185 pass
186
187 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
188 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
189 pass
190
191 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
192 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
193 pass
194
195 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
196 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
197 pass
198
199 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
200 """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
201 pass
202
203 __hash__ = None
204
205 dict
dict
八、set集合
set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合
a &b 交集
a | b 并集
a ^ b 取出非交集的数
a -b a里面有b里面没有
1 class set(object):2 """
3 set() -> new empty set object
4 set(iterable) -> new set object
5
6 Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
7 """
8 def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
9 """ 添加 """
10 """
11 Add an element to a set.
12
13 This has no effect if the element is already present.
14 """
15 pass
16
17 def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
18 """ Remove all elements from this set. """
19 pass
20
21 def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
22 """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
23 pass
24
25 def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
26 """
27 Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
28
29 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
30 """
31 pass
32
33 def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
34 """ 删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素 """
35 """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
36 pass
37
38 def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
39 """ 移除元素 """
40 """
41 Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
42
43 If the element is not a member, do nothing.
44 """
45 pass
46
47 def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
48 """ 取交集，新创建一个set """
49 """
50 Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set.
51
52 (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.)
53 """
54 pass
55
56 def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
57 """ 取交集，修改原来set """
58 """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
59 pass
60
61 def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
62 """ 如果没有交集，返回true """
63 """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
64 pass
65
66 def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
67 """ 是否是子集 """
68 """ Report whether another set contains this set. """
69 pass
70
71 def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
72 """ 是否是父集 """
73 """ Report whether this set contains another set. """
74 pass
75
76 def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
77 """ 移除 """
78 """
79 Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
80 Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
81 """
82 pass
83
84 def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
85 """ 移除 """
86 """
87 Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
88
89 If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
90 """
91 pass
92
93 def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
94 """ 差集，创建新对象"""
95 """
96 Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
97
98 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
99 """
100 pass
101
102 def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
103 """ 差集，改变原来 """
104 """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
105 pass
106
107 def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
108 """ 并集 """
109 """
110 Return the union of sets as a new set.
111
112 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
113 """
114 pass
115
116 def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
117 """ 更新 """
118 """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
119 pass
120
121 def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
122 """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
123 pass
124
125 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
126 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
127 pass
128
129 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
130 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
131 pass
132
133 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
134 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
135 pass
136
137 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
138 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
139 pass
140
141 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
142 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
143 pass
144
145 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
146 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
147 pass
148
149 def __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
150 """ x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """
151 pass
152
153 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
154 """
155 set() -> new empty set object
156 set(iterable) -> new set object
157
158 Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
159 # (copied from class doc)
160 """
161 pass
162
163 def __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
164 """ x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """
165 pass
166
167 def __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
168 """ x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """
169 pass
170
171 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
172 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
173 pass
174
175 def __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
176 """ x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """
177 pass
178
179 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
180 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
181 pass
182
183 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
184 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
185 pass
186
187 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
188 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
189 pass
190
191 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
192 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
193 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
194 pass
195
196 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
197 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
198 pass
199
200 def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
201 """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
202 pass
203
204 def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
205 """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
206 pass
207
208 def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
209 """ Return state information for pickling. """
210 pass
211
212 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
213 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
214 pass
215
216 def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
217 """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
218 pass
219
220 def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
221 """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
222 pass
223
224 def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
225 """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
226 pass
227
228 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
229 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
230 pass
231
232 def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
233 """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
234 pass
235
236 def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
237 """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
238 pass
239
240 __hash__ = None
241 复制代码
set
1 L.set()2 >>> txt1 = [1,2,3,4,5]
3 >>> txt2 = [2,4,6,7]
4 >>> txt3 = list(set(txt1 + txt2))
5 >>>
6 >>> print txt3
7 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
8 >>>
九、collection系列:
1、计数器（counter）
Counter是对字典类型的补充，用于追踪值的出现次数。
具备字典的所有功能 + 自己的功能:
1 c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')2 print c
3 输出：Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})
2、有序字典(orderedDict )
orderdDict是对字典类型的补充，他记住了字典元素添加的顺序
3、默认字典(defaultdict) defaultdict是对字典的类型的补充，他默认给字典的值设置了一个类型。
需求：
有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...]，将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中，将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。即： {'k1': 大于66 , 'k2': 小于66}defaultdict字典解决方法
1 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]2
3 my_dict = {}
4
5 for value in values:
6 if value>66:
7 if my_dict.has_key('k1'):
8 my_dict['k1'].append(value)
9 else:
10 my_dict['k1'] = [value]
11 else:
12 if my_dict.has_key('k2'):
13 my_dict['k2'].append(value)
14 else:
15 my_dict['k2'] = [value]
原生字典解决方法
1 from collections import defaultdict2
3 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
4
5 my_dict = defaultdict(list)
6
7 for value in values:
8 if value>66:
9 my_dict['k1'].append(value)
10 else:
11 my_dict['k2'].append(value)
defaultdict字典解决方法
4、可命名元组(namedtuple)
根据nametuple可以创建一个包含tuple所有功能以及其他功能的类型.
1 import collections2 Mytuple = collections.namedtuple('Mytuple',['x','y','z'])
3 new = Mytuple(1,2,3)
4 print new
5 Mytuple(x=1, y=2, z=3)
5、双向队列(deque)
两边都可以存取，线程安全的) 在collection模块中
单向队列：先进先出（FIFO）
栈：弹夹（后进的先出） 再Queue模块中
1 >>> import Queue2 >>> Q = Queue.Queue(10) 最多插入10个数
3 >>> Q.put(1) 向队列中添加值
4 >>> Q.put(2)
5 >>> Q.put(3)
6 >>> Q.put(4)
7 Q.get(）
一、迭代器
对于Python 列表的 for 循环，他的内部原理：查看下一个元素是否存在，如果存在，则取出，如果不存在，则报异常 StopIteration。（python内部对异常已处理）
listiterator
二、生成器
range不是生成器 而 xrange 是生成器
readlines不是生成器 而 xreadlines 是生成器
1 >>> print range(10)2 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
3 >>> print xrange(10)
4 xrange(10)
生成器内部基于yield创建，即：对于生成器只有使用时才创建，从而不避免内存浪费
练习：有如下列表：[13, 22, 6, 99, 11]
请按照一下规则计算：
13 和 22 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 22, 6, 99, 11]
22 和 6 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 6, 22, 99, 11]
22 和 99 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 6, 22, 99, 11]
99 和 42 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[13, 6, 22, 11, 99,]
13 和 6 比较，将大的值放在右侧，即：[6, 13, 22, 11, 99,]
...
解析：
li = [13, 22, 6, 99, 11]for m in range(len(li)-1):
for n in range(m+1, len(li)):
if li[m]> li[n]:
temp = li[n]
li[n] = li[m]
li[m] = temp
print li
让a和b的值互换位置：
1 >>> a = 1232 >>> b = 321
3 >>> a,b
4 (123, 321)
5 >>> temp = a
6 >>> temp
7 123
8 >>> a = b
9 >>> a
10 321
11 >>> b = temp
12 >>> a,b
13 (321, 123)
14 >>>
以上是 Python基础之【第二篇】 的全部内容， 来源链接： utcz.com/z/387377.html
