Python中staticmethod和classmethod的作用与区别

一般来说,要使用某个类的方法,需要先实例化一个对象再调用方法。

而使用@staticmethod或@classmethod,就可以不需要实例化,直接类名.方法名()来调用。

这有利于组织代码,把某些应该属于某个类的函数给放到那个类里去,同时有利于命名空间的整洁。

既然@staticmethod和@classmethod都可以直接类名.方法名()来调用,那他们有什么区别呢

从它们的使用上来看

  • @staticmethod不需要表示自身对象的self和自身类的cls参数,就跟使用函数一样。
  • @classmethod也不需要self参数,但第一个参数需要是表示自身类的cls参数。

如果在@staticmethod中要调用到这个类的一些属性方法,只能直接类名.属性名或类名.方法名。

而@classmethod因为持有cls参数,可以来调用类的属性,类的方法,实例化对象等,避免硬编码。

要明白,什么是实例方法、静态方法和类方法:

class Demo(object):

def instance_method(self, your_para):

"""

this is an instance_method

you should call it like the follow:

a = Demo()

a.instance_method(your_para)

plus: in python, we denote 'cls' as latent para of Class

while 'self' as latent para of the instance of the Class

:param your_para:

:return:

"""

print("call instance_method and get:", your_para)

@classmethod

def class_method(cls, your_para):

"""

this is a class_method

you can call it like the follow:

method1:

a = Demo()

a.class_method(your_para)

method2:

Demo.class_method

plus: in python, we denote 'cls' as latent para of Class

while 'self' as latent para of the instance of the Class

:param your_para:

:return:

"""

print("call class_method and get:", your_para)

@staticmethod

def static_method(your_para):

"""

this is a static_method and you can call it like the

methods of class_method

:param your_para:

:return:

"""

print("call static_method and get:", your_para)

虽然类方法在调用的时候没有显式声明cls,但实际上类本身是作为隐含参数传入的。这就像实例方法在调用的时候也没有显式声明self,但实际上实例本身是作为隐含参数传入的。

对于静态函数,我们一般把与类无关也与实例无关的函数定义为静态函数。例如入口检查的函数就最好定义成静态函数。

类方法的妙处, 在继承中的作用:

class Fruit(object):

total = 0 # 这是一个类属性

@classmethod

def print_total(cls):

print('this is the ', cls, '.total:', cls.total, ' and its id: ', id(cls.total)) # cls是类本身,打印类属性total的值

print('this is the Fruit.total:', Fruit.total, 'and its id: ', id(Fruit.total))

print("=======================")

@classmethod

def set(cls, value):

cls.total = value

class Apple(Fruit):

pass

class Orange(Fruit):

pass

app1 = Apple()

app1.set(10)

app1.print_total()

Apple.print_total()

Fruit.set(2)

app1.print_total()

Fruit.print_total()

"""

output:

this is the <class '__main__.Apple'> .total: 10 and its id: 1355201264

this is the Fruit.total: 0 and its id: 1355200944

=======================

this is the <class '__main__.Apple'> .total: 10 and its id: 1355201264

this is the Fruit.total: 0 and its id: 1355200944

=======================

this is the <class '__main__.Apple'> .total: 10 and its id: 1355201264

this is the Fruit.total: 2 and its id: 1355201008

=======================

this is the <class '__main__.Fruit'> .total: 2 and its id: 1355201008

this is the Fruit.total: 2 and its id: 1355201008

=======================

"""

总结

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