Django中数据库的数据关系:一对一,一对多,多对多

一对一:

一对一的关系极为一个数据仅对应一个数据,用下图的结构图可以帮助理解:

下面用代码实现一下,首先要创建工程项目如下:

接着,我们定义模型:

来到models.py文件,创建两个模型:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class One(models.Model):

oname = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True)

oage = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True)

odate = models.DateField(null=True)

class Two(models.Model):

# 设置一对一关系,是通过将表中的字段设置为主键完成的

# on_delete=models.CASCADE 当父表中的某一条数据删除的时候

# 相关字表中的数据也会被删除

tsub = models.OneToOneField(One,on_delete=models.CASCADE,primary_key=True)

tfond = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=True)

tdes = models.CharField(max_length=200,null=True)

来到myPro文件夹下添加以下两句代码:

import pymysql

pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

下面可以迁移文件:

python manage.py makemigrations

python manage.py migrate

这样我们就创建了两个表:

来到views.py文件中添加数据,代码如下:

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import One,Two

# Create your views here.

def index(request):

o1 = One.objects.create(oname='张三',oage=11,odate='2011-11-11')

o2 = One.objects.create(oname='张三2',oage=12,odate='2012-12-12')

t1 = Two.objects.create(tsub=o1,tfond='o1',tdes='我喜欢o1')

t2 = Two.objects.create(tsub=o2,tfond='o2',tdes='我喜欢o2')

return render(request,'index.html')

运行之后,将添加数据的代码注释掉,否则后面每运行一次都会添加。

下面,我们通过查询数据来甄别其中的关系。

def select(request):

t1 = Two.objects.get(tsub__oname = '张三')

return render(request,'index.html',{'t1':t1})

一对多

即一个对象对应着对个对象。

创建模型代码:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class People(models.Model):

name = models.CharField(max_length=50)

card_num = models.IntegerField(default=0)

class Card(models.Model):

number = models.CharField(max_length=20)

person = models.ForeignKey(People,on_delete=models.CASCADE)

source = models.CharField(max_length=50)

urls.py路由设置:

from django.contrib import admin

from django.urls import path

from myApp import views

urlpatterns = [

path('admin/', admin.site.urls),

path('add/',views.add),

path('select/',views.select),

]

views.py文件中代码:

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import People,Card

from django.http import HttpResponse

# Create your views here.

# 添加数据

def add(request):

# p1 = People.objects.create(name='小王',card_num = 4)

# p2 = People.objects.create(name='老王', card_num=40)

#

# c1 = Card(number='101',source = '中国银行',person = p1)

# c2 = Card(number='102', source='中国农行', person=p1)

# c3 = Card(number='110', source='中国建行', person=p1)

# c1.save()

# c2.save()

# c3.save()

#

# c4 = Card(number='201', source='河南郑州美容美发', person=p2)

# c5 = Card(number='202', source='郑州交通一卡通', person=p2)

# c6 = Card(number='203', source='郑州逍遥镇胡辣汤', person=p2)

# c7 = Card(number='204', source='郑州惠济四附院', person=p2)

#

# c4.save()

# c5.save()

# c6.save()

# c7.save()

return HttpResponse('添加成功')

def select(request):

# 查找number=203的人

c1 = Card.objects.get(number='203')

print(c1.person.name)

# 查找id为3对应的人

c2 = Card.objects.get(id=3)

print(c2.person.name)

# 查找c2的所有卡

result = c2.person.card_set.all()

print(result)

for res in result:

print(res.source)

# 查找名字为老王的所有卡种

result = People.objects.get(name='老王')

for card in result.card_set.all():

print(card.source)

return HttpResponse('查询成功')

多对多

即多个对象对应对个对象,类似公交车坐车,人可以坐多个公交车,公交车也可以载不同的人。

创建模型代码如下:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Publication(models.Model):

pname = models.CharField(max_length=200)

paddress = models.CharField(max_length=200)

class Book(models.Model):

bname = models.CharField(max_length=200)

bauthor = models.CharField(max_length=200)

publication = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)

视图文件views.py文件代码如下:

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Publication,Book

from django.http import HttpResponse

# Create your views here.

def add(request):

# p1 = Publication(pname='大象出版社',paddress='河南',)

# p2 = Publication(pname='北京出版社',paddress='北京')

# p3 = Publication(pname='清华出版社',paddress='河北')

# p1.save()

# p2.save()

# p3.save()

#

# b1 = Book(bname='海底两万里',bauthor='赵四')

# b2 = Book(bname='遮天',bauthor='辰东')

# b3 = Book(bname='童年', bauthor='xxxx')

# b4 = Book(bname='在人间', bauthor='yyyy')

# b5 = Book(bname='我的大学', bauthor='张飞')

# b6 = Book(bname='汤姆索亚历险记', bauthor='赵六儿')

# b1.save()

# b2.save()

# b3.save()

# b4.save()

# b5.save()

# b6.save()

#

# b1.publication.add(p1,p2,p3)

# b2.publication.add(p1,p2)

# b3.publication.add(p1,p3)

# b4.publication.add(p2,p3)

# b5.publication.add(p3)

# 多对多关系,两个表不直接产生联系,而是将两个表之间的关系记录在中间表上

# 中间表不需要创建,会自动生成

return HttpResponse('添加成功')

def select(request):

# 通过书籍查找对应的出版社

b1 = Book.objects.get(bname='童年')

# 获取出版童年的所有出版社

b1_publication = b1.publication.all()

for pub in b1_publication:

print(pub.pname)

print(pub.paddress)

p1 = Publication.objects.get(pname = '清华出版社')

all_book = p1.book_set.all()

print('------------------')

for book in all_book:

print(book.bname)

print(book.bauthor)

return HttpResponse('查找成功')

这样,就介绍完了。

总结

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