Python爬虫 12306抢票开源代码过程详解

今天就和大家一起来讨论一下python实现12306余票查询(pycharm+python3.7),一起来感受一下python爬虫的简单实践

我们说先在浏览器中打开开发者工具(F12),尝试一次余票的查询,通过开发者工具查看发出请求的包

可以看到红框框中的URL就是我们向12306服务器发出的请求,那么具体是什么呢?我们来看看

https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT

可以看到发出请求的几个字段:

  • leftTicketDTO.train_date:查询的日期
  • leftTicketDTO.from_station:查询的出发地
  • leftTicketDTO.to_station:查询的目的地
  • purpose_codes:不太清楚这个字段是用来做什么的,就默认吧

可以从我们递交的URL请求看出,我们输入的成都,深圳都变成了对应的编号,比如,成都(CDW)、深圳(SZQ),所以当我们程序进行输入的时候要进行一下处理,12306的一个地方存储着这些城市名与编码对应的文档:

https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971

下面我们就编写一个小程序,将这些城市名与编号提取出来:

import re,requests

url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"

response = requests.get(url,verify=False)

#将车站的名字和编码进行提取

chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)

chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)

#进行交换

chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))

#打印出得到的车站字典

print(chezhan_names)

得到的打印结果如下(只截取部分显示):

{'VAP': '北京北', 'BOP': '北京东', 'BJP': '北京', 'VNP': '北京南', 'BXP': '北京西', 'IZQ': '广州南', 'CUW': '重庆北', 'CQW': '重庆', 'CRW': '重庆南', 'CXW': '重庆西', 'GGQ': '广州东', 'SHH': '上海', 'SNH': '上海南', 'AOH': '上海虹桥', 'SXH': '上海西', 'TBP': '天津北', 'TJP': '天津', 'TIP': '天津南', 'TXP': '天津西', 'XJA': '香港西九龙', 'CCT': '长春', 'CET': '长春南', 'CRT': '长春西', 'ICW': '成都东', 'CNW': '成都南', 'CDW': '成都', 'CSQ': '长沙', 'CWQ': '长沙南',}

接下来我们就动手开始程序的主要代码编写:

def main():

date = input("请输入时间(如2019-01-22):\n")

from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点:\n")]

to_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点:\n")]

url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"

headers = {

"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"

}

url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"

#print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的

#request请求获取主页

r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)

r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常

r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding

showTicket(r.text)

用户输入时间、起始站点、目的站点,然后通过get来请求,然后我们对返回的网页信息进行解析。我们现将上面代码的r.text进行打印,看看我们请求之后,返回了什么样的信息,然后决定我们应该如何解析

这样看着不方便,我们粘贴到记事本中,进行详细的分析:

可以与12306显示的信息进行对比,K829是车次,CDW与BJQ是出发地和目的地,10:10是出发时间,06:13是到达时间,44:21是历时时间,20190123为查询的日期,剩下的就是一系列票的各种信息。

下面就是对这些返回的信息进行解析,其实这也是python爬虫的关键,就是解析!!!

我们先把信息转化为json格式,可以看到都是用“|”隔开的,那么我们就用split函数分割出来,下面是主要功能代码:

def showTicket(html):

html = json.loads(html)

table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"])

for i in html['data']['result']:

name = [

"station_train_code",

"from_station_name",

"to_station_name",

"start_time",

"arrive_time",

"lishi",

"swz_num",

"zy_num",

"ze_num",

"dw_num",

"gr_num",

"rw_num",

"yw_num",

"rz_num",

"yz_num",

"wz_num",

"qt_num",

"note_num"

]

data = {

"station_train_code": '',

"from_station_name": '',

"to_station_name": '',

"start_time": '',

"arrive_time": '',

"lishi": '',

"swz_num": '',

"zy_num": '',

"ze_num": '',

"dw_num": '',

"gr_num": '',

"rw_num": '',

"yw_num": '',

"rz_num": '',

"yz_num": '',

"wz_num": '',

"qt_num": '',

"note_num": ''

}

#将各项信息提取并赋值

item = i.split('|') #使用“|”进行分割

data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #获取车次信息,在3号位置

data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始发站信息在6号位置

data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #终点站信息在7号位置

data["start_time"] = item[8] #出发时间在8号位置

data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵达时间在9号位置

data["lishi"] = item[10] #经历时间在10号位置

data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置

data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31号位置

data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30号位置

data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高级软卧信息在21号位置

data["rw_num"] = item[23] #软卧信息在23号位置

data["dw_num"] = item[27] #动卧信息在27号位置

data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬卧信息在28号位置

data["rz_num"] = item[24] #软座信息在24号位置

data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29号位置

data["wz_num"] = item[26] #无座信息在26号位置

data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22号位置

data["note_num"] = item[1] #备注信息在1号位置

color = Colored()

data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])

#如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替

for pos in name:

if data[pos] == "":

data[pos] = "-"

tickets = []

cont = []

cont.append(data)

for x in cont:

tmp = []

for y in name:

if y == "from_station_name":

s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "to_station_name":

s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "start_time":

s = color.green(data["start_time"])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "arrive_time":

s = color.red(data["arrive_time"])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "station_train_code":

s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])

tmp.append(s)

else:

tmp.append(data[y])

tickets.append(tmp)

for ticket in tickets:

table.add_row(ticket)

print(table)

那么我们程序就成功啦!!!

但是在编译器里面Prettytable的格子没有对齐,不要担心,我们到终端运行一下脚本,就可以看到很好看的输出啦:

完成!!!下面是完整代码

main.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import re,requests,datetime,time,json

from prettytable import PrettyTable

from colorama import init,Fore

from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names

init(autoreset=False)

class Colored(object):

def yeah(self,s):

return Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX + s + Fore.RESET

def green(self,s):

return Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX + s + Fore.RESET

def yellow(self,s):

return Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX + s + Fore.RESET

def white(self,s):

return Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX + s + Fore.RESET

def blue(self,s):

return Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX + s + Fore.RESET

def showTicket(html):

html = json.loads(html)

table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"])

for i in html['data']['result']:

name = [

"station_train_code",

"from_station_name",

"to_station_name",

"start_time",

"arrive_time",

"lishi",

"swz_num",

"zy_num",

"ze_num",

"dw_num",

"gr_num",

"rw_num",

"yw_num",

"rz_num",

"yz_num",

"wz_num",

"qt_num",

"note_num"

]

data = {

"station_train_code": '',

"from_station_name": '',

"to_station_name": '',

"start_time": '',

"arrive_time": '',

"lishi": '',

"swz_num": '',

"zy_num": '',

"ze_num": '',

"dw_num": '',

"gr_num": '',

"rw_num": '',

"yw_num": '',

"rz_num": '',

"yz_num": '',

"wz_num": '',

"qt_num": '',

"note_num": ''

}

#将各项信息提取并赋值

item = i.split('|') #使用“|”进行分割

data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #获取车次信息,在3号位置

data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始发站信息在6号位置

data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #终点站信息在7号位置

data["start_time"] = item[8] #出发时间在8号位置

data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵达时间在9号位置

data["lishi"] = item[10] #经历时间在10号位置

data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特别注意,商务座在32或25位置

data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31号位置

data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30号位置

data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高级软卧信息在21号位置

data["rw_num"] = item[23] #软卧信息在23号位置

data["dw_num"] = item[27] #动卧信息在27号位置

data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬卧信息在28号位置

data["rz_num"] = item[24] #软座信息在24号位置

data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29号位置

data["wz_num"] = item[26] #无座信息在26号位置

data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22号位置

data["note_num"] = item[1] #备注信息在1号位置

color = Colored()

data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])

#如果没有信息,那么就用“-”代替

for pos in name:

if data[pos] == "":

data[pos] = "-"

tickets = []

cont = []

cont.append(data)

for x in cont:

tmp = []

for y in name:

if y == "from_station_name":

s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "to_station_name":

s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "start_time":

s = color.green(data["start_time"])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "arrive_time":

s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"])

tmp.append(s)

elif y == "station_train_code":

s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])

tmp.append(s)

else:

tmp.append(data[y])

tickets.append(tmp)

for ticket in tickets:

table.add_row(ticket)

print(table)

def main():

date = input("请输入时间:\n")

from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点:\n")]

to_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点:\n")]

url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"

headers = {

"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"

}

url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"

#print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的

#request请求获取主页

r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)

r.raise_for_status() #如果发送了一个错误的请求,会抛出异常

r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding

showTicket(r.text)

#print(r.text)

main()

stationinfo.py

import re,requests

url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"

response = requests.get(url,verify=False)

#将车站的名字和编码进行提取

chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)

chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)

chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))

#print(chezhan_names)

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