python中的“ __class__”属性到底是什么
我__class__
在python中有一个问题。
文档说这__class__
是一个类实例所属的类。因此,我进行了一系列实验:
class counter: count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.__class__.count += 1
NewCounter1 = counter()
print NewCounter1.count #The result is 1
NewCounter2 = counter()
print NewCounter2.count #The result is 2
print NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count #result: True
一切顺利。
然后我输入如下代码:
NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3print NewCounter1.count #result:3
print NewCounter1.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count #result: True
从上面的代码中,我认为也许NewCounter1.count
等于NewCounter1
或__class__.count
,但是以下代码使我感到惊讶:
NewCounter2.count = 5print NewCounter1.count #result:3
print NewCounter1.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.count #result:5
print NewCounter2.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count #result: False
为什么NewCounter2.count
更改了,但NewCounter2.__class__.count
仍然保持在3?而且,当我改变时NewCounter2.count
,NewCounter2.__class__.count
is NewCounter2.count变得False
。世界到底是__class__
什么?
回答:
“从以上代码中,我认为NewCounter1.count等于NewCounter1。class.count”
问题是,在您的问题中此句子出现时,仅在以下说明之后:
NewCounter1 = counter()NewCounter2 = counter()
NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3
创建了 和
并修改了类属性 ,
不存在对象 和 ,因此 “等于” 没有实际意义。
。
请在之后查看 的创建:
class counter: count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.__class__.count += 1
print 'counter.count BEFORE ==',counter.count # The result is 0
NewCounter1 = counter()
print '\nNewCounter1.__dict__ ==',NewCounter1.__dict__ # The result is {}
print 'NewCounter1.count ==',NewCounter1.count # The result is 1
print 'counter.count AFTER ==',counter.count # The result is 1
是实例的名称空间
print NewCounter1.count
打印一样print counter.count
。然而,“计数”(字符串“数”)是不是在命名空间 ,也就是说没有属性 在命名空间创建的实例!
这怎么可能 ?
这是因为没有assignement到“计数”标识内部创建实例的
- >有任何属性作为一个字段没有真正的创造 ,也就是说没有创建实例属性。
结果是,在
print 'NewCounter1.count ==',NewCounter1.count
评估指令时,解释器不会在 的名称空间中找到实例属性,然后转到该实例的类以在此类的名称空间中搜索键“
count”。在那里,它找到“ count”作为CLASS属性的键,并且可以将对象
的VALUE作为要响应该指令显示的VALUE。
类实例具有一个实现为字典的名称空间,这是搜索属性引用的第一位。当在那里找不到属性,并且实例的类具有该名称的属性时,将继续使用类属性进行搜索。
http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-
hierarchy
因此,NewCounter1.count equals
NewCounter1.__class__.count这意味着NewCounter1.count的VALUE即使该名确实不存在,也是类属性
的VALUE 。这里的“是”是英语动词,不是该功能
测试两个对象的身份的语言,它的意思是“被认为具有”
当NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3
被执行时,只有类属性 受到影响。
和 的命名空间保持为空,并 相同的机制来访问类以找到
的值。
。
最后,当NewCounter2.count = 5
执行时,这一次将在INSTANCE属性 中创建一个
对象中的字段,并且“ count”出现在 的命名空间中 。
它不会覆盖任何内容,因为实例中的内容之前__dict__
没有任何内容。其他更改不会影响 和
以下代码更明确地显示了执行期间的基础事件:
from itertools import isliceclass counter:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
print (' | counter.count first == %d at %d\n'
' | self.count first == %d at %d')\
% (counter.count,id(counter.count),
self.count,id(self.count))
self.__class__.count += 1 # <<=====
print (' | counter.count second == %d at %d\n'
' | self.count second == %d at %d\n'
' | id(counter) == %d id(self) == %d')\
% (counter.count,id(counter.count),
self.count,id(self.count),
id(counter),id(self))
def display(*li):
it = iter(li)
for ch in it:
nn = (len(ch)-len(ch.lstrip('\n')))*'\n'
x = it.next()
print '%s == %s %s' % (ch,x,'' if '__dict__' in ch else 'at '+str(id(x)))
display('counter.count AT START',counter.count)
print ('\n\n----- C1 = counter() ------------------------')
C1 = counter()
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
print ('\n\n----- C2 = counter() ------------------------')
C2 = counter()
print (' -------------------------------------------')
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C2.__dict__',C2.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'C2.count ',C2.count,
'C1.__class__.count',C1.__class__.count,
'C2.__class__.count',C2.__class__.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
print '\n\n------- C2.__class__.count = 3 ------------------------\n'
C2.__class__.count = 3
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C2.__dict__',C2.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'C2.count ',C2.count,
'C1.__class__.count',C1.__class__.count,
'C2.__class__.count',C2.__class__.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
print '\n\n------- C2.count = 5 ------------------------\n'
C2.count = 5
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C2.__dict__',C2.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'C2.count ',C2.count,
'C1.__class__.count',C1.__class__.count,
'C2.__class__.count',C2.__class__.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
结果
counter.count AT START == 0 at 10021628----- C1 = counter() ------------------------
| counter.count first == 0 at 10021628
| self.count first == 0 at 10021628
| counter.count second == 1 at 10021616
| self.count second == 1 at 10021616
| id(counter) == 11211248 id(self) == 18735712
C1.__dict__ == {}
C1.count == 1 at 10021616
counter.count == 1 at 10021616
----- C2 = counter() ------------------------
| counter.count first == 1 at 10021616
| self.count first == 1 at 10021616
| counter.count second == 2 at 10021604
| self.count second == 2 at 10021604
| id(counter) == 11211248 id(self) == 18736032
-------------------------------------------
C1.__dict__ == {}
C2.__dict__ == {}
C1.count == 2 at 10021604
C2.count == 2 at 10021604
C1.__class__.count == 2 at 10021604
C2.__class__.count == 2 at 10021604
counter.count == 2 at 10021604
------- C2.__class__.count = 3 ------------------------
C1.__dict__ == {}
C2.__dict__ == {}
C1.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.count == 3 at 10021592
C1.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
counter.count == 3 at 10021592
------- C2.count = 5 ------------------------
C1.__dict__ == {}
C2.__dict__ == {'count': 5}
C1.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.count == 5 at 10021568
C1.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
counter.count == 3 at 10021592
。
有趣的事情是
self.count = counter.count
在该行之前添加一条指令
self.__class__.count += 1 # <<=====
以观察结果的变化
。
综上所述,重点并不在乎,__class__
而是一种搜索属性的机制,而这种机制在被忽略时会产生误导。
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