JavaScript中的“ new”关键字是什么?
在new
JavaScript中的关键字可能会相当混乱首次遇到它的时候,人们往往会认为JavaScript是不是面向对象的编程语言。
- 它是什么?
- 它解决什么问题?
- 什么时候合适,什么时候不合适?
回答:
它做五件事:
- 它创建一个新对象。这个对象的类型就是 object 。
- 它将这个新对象的内部不可访问的 [[prototype]] (即 )属性设置为构造函数的外部可访问 原型 对象(每个函数对象都会自动具有 prototype 属性)。
- 它使
this
变量指向新创建的对象。 - 每当
this
提及时,它都会使用新创建的对象执行构造函数。 - 除非构造函数返回非
null
对象引用,否则它将返回新创建的对象。在这种情况下,将返回该对象引用。
注意: 构造函数 是指new
关键字后面的函数,如
new ConstructorFunction(arg1, arg2)
完成此操作后,如果请求新对象的未定义属性,则脚本将改为检查对象的 [[prototype]]
对象的属性。这就是您可以获得类似于JavaScript中传统类继承的方式的方法。
关于这一点,最困难的部分是点号2。每个对象(包括函数)都具有称为 [[prototype]]的 内部属性。它可以 只
被在创建对象的时间与设置,无论是 新的 ,具有 的Object.create
,或者基于文本(函数默认Function.prototype的,数字到Number.prototype等)。只能使用
Object.getPrototypeOf(someObject) 读取它。有 没有 其他的方式来设置或读取此值。
除了隐藏的 [[prototype]] 属性外,函数还具有一个称为 prototype
的属性,您可以访问和修改此属性,以为您创建的对象提供继承的属性和方法。
这是一个例子:
ObjMaker = function() {this.a = 'first';};// ObjMaker is just a function, there's nothing special about it that makes
// it a constructor.
ObjMaker.prototype.b = 'second';
// like all functions, ObjMaker has an accessible prototype property that
// we can alter. I just added a property called 'b' to it. Like
// all objects, ObjMaker also has an inaccessible [[prototype]] property
// that we can't do anything with
obj1 = new ObjMaker();
// 3 things just happened.
// A new, empty object was created called obj1. At first obj1 was the same
// as {}. The [[prototype]] property of obj1 was then set to the current
// object value of the ObjMaker.prototype (if ObjMaker.prototype is later
// assigned a new object value, obj1's [[prototype]] will not change, but you
// can alter the properties of ObjMaker.prototype to add to both the
// prototype and [[prototype]]). The ObjMaker function was executed, with
// obj1 in place of this... so obj1.a was set to 'first'.
obj1.a;
// returns 'first'
obj1.b;
// obj1 doesn't have a property called 'b', so JavaScript checks
// its [[prototype]]. Its [[prototype]] is the same as ObjMaker.prototype
// ObjMaker.prototype has a property called 'b' with value 'second'
// returns 'second'
就像类继承一样,因为现在,您使用的任何对象new ObjMaker()
也似乎都继承了’b’属性。
如果您想要子类之类的东西,请执行以下操作:
SubObjMaker = function () {};SubObjMaker.prototype = new ObjMaker(); // note: this pattern is deprecated!
// Because we used 'new', the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is now set to the object value of ObjMaker.prototype.
// The modern way to do this is with Object.create(), which was added in ECMAScript 5:
// SubObjMaker.prototype = Object.create(ObjMaker.prototype);
SubObjMaker.prototype.c = 'third';
obj2 = new SubObjMaker();
// [[prototype]] property of obj2 is now set to SubObjMaker.prototype
// Remember that the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype
// is ObjMaker.prototype. So now obj2 has a prototype chain!
// obj2 ---> SubObjMaker.prototype ---> ObjMaker.prototype
obj2.c;
// returns 'third', from SubObjMaker.prototype
obj2.b;
// returns 'second', from ObjMaker.prototype
obj2.a;
// returns 'first', from SubObjMaker.prototype, because SubObjMaker.prototype
// was created with the ObjMaker function, which assigned a for us
以上是 JavaScript中的“ new”关键字是什么? 的全部内容, 来源链接: utcz.com/qa/412234.html