JavaScript中的“ new”关键字是什么?

newJavaScript中的关键字可能会相当混乱首次遇到它的时候,人们往往会认为JavaScript是不是面向对象的编程语言。

  • 它是什么?
  • 它解决什么问题?
  • 什么时候合适,什么时候不合适?

回答:

它做五件事:

  1. 它创建一个新对象。这个对象的类型就是 object
  2. 它将这个新对象的内部不可访问的 [[prototype]] (即 )属性设置为构造函数的外部可访问 原型 对象(每个函数对象都会自动具有 prototype 属性)。
  3. 它使this变量指向新创建的对象。
  4. 每当this提及时,它都会使用新创建的对象执行构造函数。
  5. 除非构造函数返回非null对象引用,否则它将返回新创建的对象。在这种情况下,将返回该对象引用。

注意: 构造函数 是指new关键字后面的函数,如

new ConstructorFunction(arg1, arg2)

完成此操作后,如果请求新对象的未定义属性,则脚本将改为检查对象的 [[prototype]]

对象的属性。这就是您可以获得类似于JavaScript中传统类继承的方式的方法。

关于这一点,最困难的部分是点号2。每个对象(包括函数)都具有称为 [[prototype]]的 内部属性。它可以

被在创建对象的时间与设置,无论是 新的 ,具有 的Object.create

,或者基于文本(函数默认Function.prototype的,数字到Number.prototype等)。只能使用

Object.getPrototypeOf(someObject) 读取它。有 没有 其他的方式来设置或读取此值。

除了隐藏的 [[prototype]] 属性外,函数还具有一个称为 prototype

的属性,您可以访问和修改此属性,以为您创建的对象提供继承的属性和方法。


这是一个例子:

ObjMaker = function() {this.a = 'first';};

// ObjMaker is just a function, there's nothing special about it that makes

// it a constructor.

ObjMaker.prototype.b = 'second';

// like all functions, ObjMaker has an accessible prototype property that

// we can alter. I just added a property called 'b' to it. Like

// all objects, ObjMaker also has an inaccessible [[prototype]] property

// that we can't do anything with

obj1 = new ObjMaker();

// 3 things just happened.

// A new, empty object was created called obj1. At first obj1 was the same

// as {}. The [[prototype]] property of obj1 was then set to the current

// object value of the ObjMaker.prototype (if ObjMaker.prototype is later

// assigned a new object value, obj1's [[prototype]] will not change, but you

// can alter the properties of ObjMaker.prototype to add to both the

// prototype and [[prototype]]). The ObjMaker function was executed, with

// obj1 in place of this... so obj1.a was set to 'first'.

obj1.a;

// returns 'first'

obj1.b;

// obj1 doesn't have a property called 'b', so JavaScript checks

// its [[prototype]]. Its [[prototype]] is the same as ObjMaker.prototype

// ObjMaker.prototype has a property called 'b' with value 'second'

// returns 'second'

就像类继承一样,因为现在,您使用的任何对象new ObjMaker()也似乎都继承了’b’属性。

如果您想要子类之类的东西,请执行以下操作:

SubObjMaker = function () {};

SubObjMaker.prototype = new ObjMaker(); // note: this pattern is deprecated!

// Because we used 'new', the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype

// is now set to the object value of ObjMaker.prototype.

// The modern way to do this is with Object.create(), which was added in ECMAScript 5:

// SubObjMaker.prototype = Object.create(ObjMaker.prototype);

SubObjMaker.prototype.c = 'third';

obj2 = new SubObjMaker();

// [[prototype]] property of obj2 is now set to SubObjMaker.prototype

// Remember that the [[prototype]] property of SubObjMaker.prototype

// is ObjMaker.prototype. So now obj2 has a prototype chain!

// obj2 ---> SubObjMaker.prototype ---> ObjMaker.prototype

obj2.c;

// returns 'third', from SubObjMaker.prototype

obj2.b;

// returns 'second', from ObjMaker.prototype

obj2.a;

// returns 'first', from SubObjMaker.prototype, because SubObjMaker.prototype

// was created with the ObjMaker function, which assigned a for us

以上是 JavaScript中的“ new”关键字是什么? 的全部内容, 来源链接: utcz.com/qa/412234.html

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