Linux系列之学会使用CURL命令

@TOC

curl命令是一个利用URL规则在shell终端命令行下工作的文件传输工具;curl命令作为一款强力工具,curl支持包括HTTP、HTTPS、ftp等众多协议,还支持POST、cookies、认证、从指定偏移处下载部分文件、用户代理字符串、限速、文件大小、进度条等特征;做网页处理流程和数据检索自动化。

语法:语法格式:curl [参数] [网址]

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一. 查看帮助

1.1 查看命令参数

curl的参数很多,可以用命令curl --help查看:

[root@localhost ~]# curl --help

Usage: curl [options...] <url>

Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only

--anyauth Pick "any" authentication method (H)

-a, --append Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)

--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)

--cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)

--capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)

-E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)

--cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)

--ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use (SSL)

--compressed Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)

-K, --config FILE Specify which config file to read

--connect-timeout SECONDS Maximum time allowed for connection

-C, --continue-at OFFSET Resumed transfer offset

-b, --cookie STRING/FILE String or file to read cookies from (H)

-c, --cookie-jar FILE Write cookies to this file after operation (H)

--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy

--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload

--crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file

-d, --data DATA HTTP POST data (H)

--data-ascii DATA HTTP POST ASCII data (H)

--data-binary DATA HTTP POST binary data (H)

--data-urlencode DATA HTTP POST data url encoded (H)

--delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission

--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)

--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)

--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV (F)

-D, --dump-header FILE Write the headers to this file

--egd-file FILE EGD socket path for random data (SSL)

--engine ENGINGE Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list"for list

-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)

-F, --form CONTENT Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)

--form-string STRING Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)

--ftp-account DATA Account data string (F)

--ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND String to replace "USER [name]" (F)

--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present (F)

--ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)

--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)

-P, --ftp-port ADR Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)

--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)

--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)

--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating (F)

--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE Set CCC mode (F)

--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)

-G, --get Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)

-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []

-H, --header LINE Custom header to pass to server (H)

-I, --head Show document info only

-h, --help This help text

--hostpubmd5 MD5 Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)

-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0 (H)

--ignore-content-length Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header

-i, --include Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)

-k, --insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)

--interface INTERFACE Specify network interface/address to use

-4, --ipv4 Resolve name to IPv4 address

-6, --ipv6 Resolve name to IPv6 address

-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)

--keepalive-time SECONDS Interval between keepalive probes

--key KEY Private key file name (SSL/SSH)

--key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)

--krb LEVEL Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)

--libcurl FILE Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line

--limit-rate RATE Limit transfer speed to this rate

-l, --list-only List only names of an FTP directory (F)

--local-port RANGE Force use of these local port numbers

-L, --location Follow redirects (H)

--location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)

-M, --manual Display the full manual

--mail-from FROM Mail from this address

--mail-rcpt TO Mail to this receiver(s)

--mail-auth AUTH Originator address of the original email

--max-filesize BYTES Maximum file size to download (H/F)

--max-redirs NUM Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)

-m, --max-time SECONDS Maximum time allowed for the transfer

--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file

--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)

-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password

--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n

--netrc-file FILE Set up the netrc filename to use

-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream

--no-keepalive Disable keepalive use on the connection

--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)

--noproxy List of hosts which do not use proxy

--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)

-o, --output FILE Write output to <file> instead of stdout

--pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)

--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)

--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)

--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)

-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a progress bar

--proto PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols

--proto-redir PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect

-x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port

--proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)

--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)

--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)

--proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)

--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)

-U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD] Proxy user and password

--proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT] Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port

-p, --proxytunnel Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)

--pubkey KEY Public key file name (SSH)

-Q, --quote CMD Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)

--random-file FILE File for reading random data from (SSL)

-r, --range RANGE Retrieve only the bytes within a range

--raw Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)

-e, --referer Referer URL (H)

-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)

-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file

--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs

-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output

-X, --request COMMAND Specify request command to use

--resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS

--retry NUM Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur

--retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each

--retry-max-time SECONDS Retry only within this period

-S, --show-error Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur

-s, --silent Silent mode. Don't output anything

--socks4 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port

--socks4a HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port

--socks5 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port

--socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy

--socks5-gssapi-service NAME SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi

--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server

-Y, --speed-limit RATE Stop transfers below speed-limit for'speed-time' secs

-y, --speed-time SECONDS Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30

--ssl Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)

-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2 (SSL)

-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3 (SSL)

--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)

--stderr FILE Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout

--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option

-t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL Set telnet option

--tftp-blksize VALUE Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)

-z, --time-cond TIME Transfer based on a time condition

-1, --tlsv1 Use => TLSv1 (SSL)

--tlsv1.0 Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)

--tlsv1.1 Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)

--tlsv1.2 Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)

--trace FILE Write a debug trace to the given file

--trace-ascii FILE Like --trace but without the hex output

--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output

--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding (H)

-T, --upload-file FILE Transfer FILE to destination

--url URL URL to work with

-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer

-u, --user USER[:PASSWORD] Server user and password

--tlsuser USER TLS username

--tlspassword STRING TLS password

--tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type (default SRP)

-A, --user-agent STRING User-Agent to send to server (H)

-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative

-V, --version Show version number and quit

-w, --write-out FORMAT What to output after completion

--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes

-q If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc

国内翻译过来的curl文档:curl参数介绍

二. 查询使用手册

2.1 查看详细使用

也可以使用curl --manual查看基本用法例子:

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三. 提取网页

3.1 查看网页源码

语法:curl uri

[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com

<!DOCTYPE html>

<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下,你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri>更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

3.2 显示头信息

curl -i https://www.baidu.com

打印信息:

[root@localhost ~]# curl -i https://www.baiud.com

curl: (7) Failed connect to www.baiud.com:443; Connection refused

[root@localhost ~]# curl -i https://www.baidu.com

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Accept-Ranges: bytes

Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform

Connection: keep-alive

Content-Length: 2443

Content-Type: text/html

Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2020 07:22:02 GMT

Etag: "588603eb-98b"

Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:23:55 GMT

Pragma: no-cache

Server: bfe/1.0.8.18

Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/

...

3.3 显示通信过程

curl -v www.baidu.com

curl -v www.baidu.com

* About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 80 (#0)

* Trying 182.61.200.7...

* Connected to www.baidu.com (182.61.200.7) port 80 (#0)

> GET / HTTP/1.1

> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0

> Host: www.baidu.com

> Accept: */*

>

< HTTP/1.1 200 OK

< Accept-Ranges: bytes

< Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform

< Connection: keep-alive

< Content-Length: 2381

< Content-Type: text/html

< Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2020 07:24:46 GMT

< Etag: "588604c8-94d"

< Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT

< Pragma: no-cache

< Server: bfe/1.0.8.18

< Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/

<

<!DOCTYPE html>

...

3.4 查看议定书

[root@localhost ~]# curl --trace-ascii output.txt https://www.baidu.com

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3.5 查看时间

curl --trace-ascii output.txt --trace-time https://www.baidu.com

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四. 用curl进行认证

4.1 referer设置

referer参数描述了一个网页的来源,可以按F12调试模式,查看:

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访问百度时候,加上referer为csdn:

[root@localhost ~]# curl --referer https://blog.csdn.net https://www.baidu.com

4.2 用户代理设置

用户代理常被用于兼容ie,有时,您会看到获取带有curl的页面不会返回与使用浏览器获取页面时看到的页面相同的页面,这时候可以设置用户代理:

curl www.baidu.com --user-agent "Mozilla/5.0"

curl www.baidu.com -A "Mozilla/5.0"

4.3 用户信息校验

比如登录百度,可以用-u参数,接着会提示输入密码

[root@localhost ~]# curl -u admin https://www.baidu.net/

Enter host password for user 'admin':

五. 文件操作

5.1 保存文件

语法:curl -o filename uri

[root@localhost ~]# curl -o baidu.html www.baidu.com

% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current

Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed

1002381100238100227610 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 22894

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5.2 文件下载

语法:curl uri filename --silent|progress

  • --silent:不显示进度条
  • --progress:显示进度条

[root@localhost ~]# curl https://avatar.csdnimg.cn/3/5/E/1_meituantech_1564971608.jpg -omeituan.jpg --progress

######################################################################## 100.0%

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5.3 上传文件

语法:&emsp;&emsp;$ curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK [URL]

[root@localhost ~]# curl --form upload=@baidu.html --form press=OK url

六. Cookie设置

6.1 设置cookie

设置cookie,可以用命令--cookie

6.2 cookie -b -c

-c cookie-file可以保存服务器返回的cookie到文件,-b cookie-file可以使用这个文件作为cookie信息,进行后续的请求。

$ curl -c cookies http://example.com

$ curl -b cookies http://example.com

[root@localhost ~]# curl -c "name=cookiename" www.baidu.com

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6.3 指定cookie文件

也可以用--cookie-jar指定cookie文件

[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --cookie-jar cookie_file

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指定可下载的最大文件大小,可以用命令--limit-rate

[root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --limit-rate 50k

七. curl RESTFul

7.1 RESTFul API

curl支持RESTFul API格式的,所以先补充一些RESTFul API知识:

  • GET 请求:获取服务器中的对象

    • 相当于SQL的Select命令
    • GET /blogs:列出所有博客信息

  • POST 请求:在服务器上新增对象

    • 相当于SQL的Update命令
    • POST /blogs/ID:新增指定的博客信息

  • PUT 请求:在服务器上更新对象

    • 相当于SQL的Create命令
    • PUT /blogs/ID:更新一个博客信息  

  • DELETE 请求:删除服务器中的对象

    • 相当于SQL的Delete命令
    • DELETE /blogs/ID:删除指定的博客

  • HEAD 请求:仅仅用于获取对象的基础信息

7.2 POST请求

ps:-H指定请求header,-d指定参数

  • CURL POST:

[root@localhost ~]# curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X POST localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"123"}'

7.3 GET请求

  • CURL GET:

[root@localhost ~]# curl -X GET localhost:9200/company/employees/1?pretty=true

7.4 DELETE请求

  • CURL DELETE:

[root@localhost ~]# curl -X DELETE localhost:9200/company/employees/1

7.5 PUT请求

  • CURL PUT:

curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X PUT localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"111"}'

curl默认是GET方式请求url的,要调POST等接口,必须加上-X参数指定

八. CURL参考资料

CURL 官网教程:curl.haxx.se/docs/httpsc…

阮一峰老师教程:www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/0…

以上是 Linux系列之学会使用CURL命令 的全部内容, 来源链接: utcz.com/a/33303.html

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